Social biology最新文献

{"title":"Men's life course trajectories: Exploring the differences by cohort and social class","authors":"Z. Ravanera, T. K. Burch, F. Rajulton","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Making use of retrospective information gathered through a 2001 national survey in Canada, we examined the timing of transitions and life course trajectories starting from events experienced early in life to events that usually happen later in life. The subjects of the study were men born from 1926 to 1975, and the analyses were done by 5‐year birth cohorts and by social status. Results of the analysis showed that there have been significant changes over cohorts and that the life course trajectories of the poor were different from those economically better off. Men from higher social class were more likely to experience family life events ‐ such as start of regular work and entry into union ‐ at older ages, and were also more likely to follow a normative life course trajectory. We explore the factors affecting such differences in the context of constraints on decision‐making.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1","pages":"120 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60556453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The marriage squeeze in Colombia, 1973–2005: The role of excess male death","authors":"J. Jones, B. Ferguson","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Colombia has been characterized by extreme levels of civil violence throughout the latter part of the twentieth century, and the burden of excess mortality attributable to this violence has been borne primarily by young men. Populations with a large violent death burden are likely to experience consequences in terms of (1) marriage markets, (2) the dynamics of family formation and dissolution, and (3) patterns of parental investment in offspring. Using data from national censuses and household surveys, we calculate a measure of the marital sex ratio in order to explore the impact of differential male mortality on marriage markets in Colombia. Overall, Colombia is characterized by a female biased sex ratio at all ages. This relative excess of women is particularly pronounced in certain departments of the Central and Pacific regions which have been especially affected by civil violence. We suggest that the low sex ratios which characterized Colombia are partially responsible for the increasingly high frequency of consensual unions and, potentially, female‐biased rural‐urban migration.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1","pages":"140 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60556573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatherhood history and later life health and mortality in England and Wales: A record linkage study","authors":"E. Grundy, C. Tomassini","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fatherhood is an important domain of the lives of most men but, in contrast to extensive research into associations between marriage and health, possible effects of paternity on later life health and mortality have attracted relatively little attention. Of those studies that have been undertaken, many relate to historical or less developed country populations with high levels of fertility and much less is known about associations in contemporary developed societies. In this paper we use data from a large nationally representative record linkage study of men in England and Wales to analyse associations between aspects of paternity history and subsequent mortality and health in a sample of 20,260 mature men in long‐term first marriages. At entry to the study in 1981 sample members had a mean age of 63 and a mean duration of marriage of 38 years. Mortality was observed for a twenty three year period (1981–2004) and indicators of health status measured ten (in 1991) and twenty years (in 2001) after entry into the analysis. Paternity characteristics investigated included number of children born and, among men who were fathers, early or late paternity; experience of a particularly short or long interval between marriage and first birth; and experience of one or more short intervals between births. Socio‐economic characteristics included in the analysis were based on measures relating to educational attainment, occupational social class and housing tenure, in the latter two cases observed at more than one point of time. Contrary to our hypotheses, results showed no later life disadvantages of childlessness in this sample of men who had experienced long term first marriages. However, aspects of paternity history were associated with later life health and mortality. Most notably men who had had a child before the age of 23 had higher mortality and higher odds of poor health in 1991 and 2001 than other fathers, while men who had a child at ages 40 or over had lower mortality and lower risks of long term illness in 1991. Men who had had four or more children also appeared to have worse later life health in some of the health indicators used in this study. Limitations of the data include absence of information on contacts with children or on health related behaviours hypothesised to be associated with fatherhood. Results nevertheless suggest long‐term consequences of particular paternity pathways.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1","pages":"189 - 205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60556439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Part II","authors":"M. Mulder, U. Mueller","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989121","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary theory provides a framework within which the transitions individuals make over their lifetime can be studied from an adaptationist standpoint. Characteristics such as the weight at which babies are born, growth rates, age at first reproduction, choice of mate (or mates), pace of fertility, investment of time and resources into offspring, and rates of senescence can all be characterized as life history traits. While there are species-specific averages for each trait, biologists have long appreciated the variability both within and between populations. Indeed the discipline of human demography focuses on this variability. The special contribution of the papers published here is to focus first on the less studied sex, and second to explore the variability in life history traits under consideration. The traits are adult size (Sear), marriage (Holland Jones and Ferguson), the pace of reproduction and investment (Ravanera), and later life health and mortality (Soneji, Grundy & Tomassini). This volume constitutes the second part of a special edition of Social Biology Journal devoted to publishing the proceedings of a seminar on the Ecology of the Male Life Course, organized by the IUSSP Scientific Panel","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1","pages":"117 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60556405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size‐dependent reproductive success in Gambian men: Does height or weight matter more?","authors":"R. Sear","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989125","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Size is an important component of life history analysis, as it is both a determinant and an outcome of life history decisions. Here, we present an investigation of the relationships between two components of size (height and weight) and life history outcomes for men in a rural Gambian population. This population suffered seasonal food shortages and high disease loads, and lacked access to medical care or contraception. We find that there is no relationship between height and mortality among adult men. Tall men also do not have more children than shorter men, though they do contract slightly more marriages than shorter men. Tall men, therefore, do not seem to have higher reproductive success in this Gambian population. Instead, weight (measured by BMI) appears to be a better predictor of life history outcomes, and ultimately reproductive success, in this population. Heavier men have lower mortality rates, contract more marriages and have higher fertility than thinner men.","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1","pages":"172 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60556235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are men really that bad as fathers? The role of men's investments.","authors":"Jeffrey Winking","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human pair-bonding and paternal involvement have long been attributed to the need for biparental rearing of altricial offspring with extended periods of dependency. More recently, researchers have focused on the fertility benefits that pair-bonding offers men and have re-conceptualized paternal care as a stratagem designed to curry favor with the recipient children's mother. These models, however, fail to explain a number of puzzling empirical findings, namely the lack of a significant and robust effect of father-presence cross-culturally, despite what appears to be true paternal involvement. I argue that the record is better explained by conceptualizing reproduction within unions as a joint venture, in which men's contributions are not simply lumped onto women's invariant levels of parental investment, but one in which men's involvement allows wives to reduce their own allocations to parental investment and increase those to fertility (fertility model), thereby maximizing the production of the union, not simply child survivorship.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1-2","pages":"100-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29835237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ecology of the male life course.","authors":"Ulrich O Mueller,&nbsp;Monique Borgerhoff Mulder","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989111","url":null,"abstract":"• Marriage squeeze and increased sex ratio bias among unmarried persons: many societies have a surplus of young and middle aged males on the marriage market, and a substantial surplus of single women in old age; • Increasing extramarital fertility and the increase in family units that include step-parents as well as sibships of half siblings; • Migration, both international and domestic, that is often is sex-specific, producing biased sex ratios in the target population and the population of origin; • Violence, whether this be domestic, local or international, is often associated with the proportion of young men in the affected populations, especially if these men are without resources and female partners; • Morbidity and mortality: Males live shorter lives than females, suffer more illnesses and enjoy less social support if remaining single","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1-2","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29836970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive variation in testosterone levels in response to immune activation: empirical and theoretical perspectives.","authors":"Michael P Muehlenbein","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High testosterone levels reflect investment in male reproductive effort through the ability to produce and maintain muscle tissue and thus augment mate attraction and competitive ability. However, high testosterone levels can also compromise survivorship by increasing risk of prostate cancer, production of oxygen radicals, risk of injury due to hormonally-augmented behaviors such as aggression, violence and risk taking, reduced tissue and organ maintenance, negative energy balance from adipose tissue catabolism, and suppression of immune functions. Here, I briefly discuss how inter- and intra-individual variation in human male testosterone levels is likely an adaptive mechanism that facilitates the allocation of metabolic resources, particularly in response to injury, illness or otherwise immune activation. Maintaining low testosterone levels in resource-limited and/or high pathogen-risk environments may avoid some immunosuppression and suspend energetically-expensive anabolic functions. Augmenting testosterone levels in the presence of fertile and receptive mates, areas of high food resource availability, and low disease risk habitats will function to maximize lifetime reproductive success.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1-2","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29836972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of testosterone in male dominance contests that turn violent.","authors":"Allan Mazur","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Usually face-to-face dominance contests between humans are nonviolent, even amiable. Most violence between young men occurs when dominance contests infrequently escalate beyond their usually bounds. Heightened testosterone is not a direct cause of male violence. Occasional outbreaks of violence occur for other reasons, and are often random outcomes. However testosterone does encourage (nonviolent) dominant behavior among young men, increasing the frequency of dominance contests, hence increasing the likelihood of violent outcomes. \"Honor subcultures\" such as are found in our inner cities place inordinate importance on the enhancement of personal reputations and the humiliation of losing face. This atmosphere of persistent challenge produces heightened testosterone in young black men of the inner city, raising the likelihood that they will engage in dominance competition, which in turn raises the likelihood of a violent, even fatal, outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1-2","pages":"24-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29836973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical and life course timing of the male mortality disadvantage in Europe: epidemiologic transitions, evolution, and behavior.","authors":"Margaret M Weden,&nbsp;Ryan A Brown","doi":"10.1080/19485565.2006.9989117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study employs vital statistics data from Sweden, England, Wales, France, and Spain to examine male:female mortality differentials from 1750 through 2000 and their interrelationship with epidemiological transitions. Across all ages and time periods, the largest relative mortality disadvantages are to young adult men. When crisis mortality from the two world wars is removed, we show that the mortality in this young male age group is about two to three times the level of female mortality across all countries sampled. In addition, we show that the timing of this stabilization in male mortality disadvantages occurs during the last half of the twentieth century, at the same point that our measure of epidemiological change also stabilizes at a new low level. The findings are consistent with an interdisciplinary theoretical model that links social, technological and epidemiological changes that occurred through the first half of the 20th century with the unmasking and accentuation of mortality disadvantages among young adult men.</p>","PeriodicalId":76544,"journal":{"name":"Social biology","volume":"53 1-2","pages":"61-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/19485565.2006.9989117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29836889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}