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[Soil and ground water public health--responsibilities and goals--problems and possible solutions]. [土壤和地下水公共卫生——责任和目标——问题和可能的解决办法]。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
N Litz, H Kerndorff, U Müller-Wegener
{"title":"[Soil and ground water public health--responsibilities and goals--problems and possible solutions].","authors":"N Litz, H Kerndorff, U Müller-Wegener","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"106 ","pages":"100-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21816412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Environmental hygiene: goals for action. 环境卫生:行动目标。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
F X van Leeuwen
{"title":"Environmental hygiene: goals for action.","authors":"F X van Leeuwen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"106 ","pages":"20-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21815166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constructed wetlands as a tool for sewage and stormwater pollution control. 人工湿地作为控制污水和雨水污染的工具。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
P Thomas
{"title":"Constructed wetlands as a tool for sewage and stormwater pollution control.","authors":"P Thomas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although traditionally surface water pollution control measures in many countries of the world have been restricted to sewage effluent discharges, now it has become necessary to apply control measures to stormwater pollution as well. Constructed wetlands are considered as natural systems that provide a low cost maintenance and low energy natural treatment option for sewage and stormwater. They are especially suited for polishing effluent from existing or new sewage treatment plants, or providing treatment for septic tank effluent, by removing organic matter, suspended solids, nutrients, pathogens and heavy metals. This paper describes some important issues relating to the design of constructed wetlands and provides a summary of a pilot study with constructed wetlands for sewage treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"305-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Health risk in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in central Mexico: perspectives for protection. 墨西哥中部实行废水灌溉的农村的健康风险:保护的观点。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
E Cifuentes, U Blumenthal, G Ruiz-Palacios, S Bennett, M Quigley
{"title":"Health risk in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in central Mexico: perspectives for protection.","authors":"E Cifuentes,&nbsp;U Blumenthal,&nbsp;G Ruiz-Palacios,&nbsp;S Bennett,&nbsp;M Quigley","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>9,435 individuals participated in a cross-sectional survey in the irrigation districts of the Mezquital Valley (central Mexico). Exposure groups were: 848 households irrigating with untreated wastewater, 544 households irrigating with the effluent from a series of interconnected reservoirs, and 928 households farming with natural rainfall. The unit of analysis was the individual, and the health outcomes included diarrhoeal diseases and Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Water quality was assessed using faecal coliforms (FC) and nematode eggs, as suggested by (WHO, 1989) for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. Children from households irrigating with untreated wastewater (10(8) FC/100 mL and 135 nematode eggs/L) had a 33% higher risk of diarrhoeal diseases and a fivefold increase in risk of A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 5.71) compared to children from the control group, farming with rainfall. The risk of A. lumbricoides infection in older individuals was even higher (OR = 13.18). The final analysis showed that drinking unboiled water and cultivating vegetables crops were both associated with a higher risk of diarrheal diseases (OR = 1.45 and 2.00); individuals infected with A. lumbricoides infection came mostly from landless households with poorer dwellings and low standards of sanitation (OR = 2.20, 2.23, 1.72 and 1.43, respectively). These results are discussed in the context of health protection measures and policy recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"249-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pollution of water sources due to poor waste management--the case of Dar-es-Salaam. 由于废物管理不善造成的水源污染——达累斯萨拉姆的例子。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
D E Makule
{"title":"Pollution of water sources due to poor waste management--the case of Dar-es-Salaam.","authors":"D E Makule","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pollution of water sources for the city of Dar-es-Salaam originates from haphazard disposal of solid wastes, discharge of untreated or inadequately treated wastewater to water sources, lack of standard sanitary facilities and poor hygienic practices. Contaminated water used for human consumption can lead to serious health problems e.g. cholera, typhoid, skin diseases, etc., which, in turn, leads to reduced working hours/manpower. This has a direct effect to production output which can lead to a deterioration of local community welfare. Having realised this as a problem, the Government of Tanzania stipulated, in its water policy of 1991, the need for protection of water sources. In achieving this goal, proper waste management was singled out to be of vital importance. Due to economic hardships, however, budget allocation by the central Government could not cover the costs needed for proper handling of waste. This left Tanzania with no alternative other than heavy reliance on donor and bilateral organisations for financial support of programmes. Nevertheless, these sources of funds proved to be unreliable for many different reasons. To deal with these problems, the Government currently emphasises involving local community and NGOs, the formation of stakeholder funds and organisations, and involvement of the private sector. Other efforts are intensification of education programmes to create more awareness to the local communities on the need for protection of water sources. Although at its infancy level, the system is showing some signs of improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"117-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Protecting drinking water: water quality testing and PHAST in South Africa. 保护饮用水:南非的水质检测和PHAST。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
E D Breslin
{"title":"Protecting drinking water: water quality testing and PHAST in South Africa.","authors":"E D Breslin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper presents an innovative field-based programme that uses a simple total coliform test and the approach of PHAST (Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation) to help communities exploring possible water quality problems and actions that can be taken to address them. The Mvula Trust, a South African water and environmental sanitation NGO, has developed the programme. It is currently being tested throughout South Africa. The paper provides two case studies on its implementation in the field, and suggests ways in which the initiative can be improved in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"89-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rethinking sanitation: panacea or Pandora's box. 重新思考卫生:灵丹妙药还是潘多拉魔盒。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
S A Esrey
{"title":"Rethinking sanitation: panacea or Pandora's box.","authors":"S A Esrey","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the 19th century, sanitation solutions were designed and built on the premises that human excreta was a waste suitable only for disposal and that the environment was capable of assimilating the waste. The prevailing view last century was that vapors from smells caused disease, and the best way to deal with excreta was to convey it to rivers and streams where it could be diluted and cleansed. Times have changed, the premises are outdated, and current solutions contribute, either directly or indirectly, to many of the problems faced by society today: water pollution, scarcity of fresh water, food insecurity, destruction and loss of soil fertility, loss of biodiversity, depletion of the ozone layer, and global warming. A common denominator of all these problems is how society deals with its wastes, specifically how it deals with human excrement. We have to rethink past premises, design and build new systems, and contribute to the solving of society's most pressing problems. The panacea of the 19th century is turning out to be the pandora's box of the 21st century.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"7-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sanitary survey of the drinking water supply of Kombinati suburb-Tirana, Albania. 阿尔巴尼亚地拉那郊区Kombinati饮用水供应卫生调查。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
V Angjeli, B Reme, L Leno, R Bukli, G Bushati
{"title":"Sanitary survey of the drinking water supply of Kombinati suburb-Tirana, Albania.","authors":"V Angjeli,&nbsp;B Reme,&nbsp;L Leno,&nbsp;R Bukli,&nbsp;G Bushati","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbiological pollution of drinking water is a major health problem in the suburbs of the Albanian capital. Intermittent supply and contamination, resulting in several gastrointestinal manifestations, are the main concerns for the population and health workers. The risk of outbreaks of water-borne diseases is high. Pollution originates from contamination of drinking water with domestic sewage. This research investigated the drinking water cycle from its natural source to the consumer, analysing samples and verifying pollution levels in the microbiological and chemical setting. The most important pollution sources were found in the distribution network, due to cross-contamination with sewers and illegal connections. The second pollution source was found around the extraction wells. This is related to abusive constructions within the sanitary zone around the wells and maybe the highly sewage-contaminated river water which feeds the aquifer.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"187-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pollution of water sources and removal of pollutants by advanced drinking-water treatment in China. 中国饮用水深度处理技术对水源污染及污染物去除的研究。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
L Wang, B Wang
{"title":"Pollution of water sources and removal of pollutants by advanced drinking-water treatment in China.","authors":"L Wang,&nbsp;B Wang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pollution of water resources and drinking water sources in China is described in this paper with basic data. About 90% of surface waters and over 60% of drinking water sources in urban areas have been polluted to different extents. The main pollutants present in drinking water sources are organic substances, ammonia nitrogen, phenols, pesticides and pathogenic micro-organisms, some of which cannot be removed effectively by the traditional water treatment processes like coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination, and the product water usually does not meet Chinese national drinking water standards, when polluted source water is treated. In some drinking-water plants in China, advanced treatment processes including activated carbon filtration and adsorption, ozonation, biological activated carbon and membrane separation have been employed for further treatment of the filtrate from a traditional treatment system producing unqualified drinking water, to make final product water meet the WHO guidelines and some developed countries' standards, as well as the Chinese national standards for drinking water. Some case studies of advanced water treatment plants are described in this paper as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"413-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21688145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An EU research project on waste handling. 欧盟关于废物处理的研究项目。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 1999-01-01
R Rylander
{"title":"An EU research project on waste handling.","authors":"R Rylander","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"104 ","pages":"117-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21649938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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