Scandinavian journal of social medicine最新文献

{"title":"Tobacco consumption and national rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide)","authors":"D Lester","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260040101","url":null,"abstract":"There is evidence at the individual level that smoking is associated with depression (1), and that nicotine dependence is associated with anhedonia (2). Lynn (3) explored the meaning of tobacco consumption at the aggregate level in a sample of 18 industrialized nations. He found that cigarette consumption was positively associated with a number of other social indicators (such as divorce rates and accidental death rates) and was more strongly associated with murder rates (for which the association was positive) than with suicide rates (for which the association was negative). Thus, it is of interest to explore the association of tobacco consumption at the aggregate level using time-series data (rather than cross-sectional data as used by Lynn), since time-series studies often give results di¡erent from cross-sectional studies. Research on individuals suggests the hypothesis that tobacco consumption should be positively associated with suicide rates, while the aggregate level research by Lynn suggests that tobacco consumption should be positively associated with homicide rates. Data on tobacco consumption to test these predictions is available for Norway for the period 1973 ^ 1995, as reported by Kraft and Svendsen (4), who noted that the percentage of daily smokers in Norway from 1973 ^ 1995 declined in males but not in females. To explore the association of tobacco consumption and rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide) over time in Norway, the data used by Kraft and Svendsen were obtained from the National Council on Tobacco and Health, with the aide of Rita Lill Lindbak (Senior Executive O¤cer), who provided the percentages of men and women smoking for the years 1973 to 1993. Suicide and homicide rates by gender for this period were available from the World Health Organization (5). The association of tobacco consumption with suicide and homicide rates was examined using a statistical package from Doan (6), with the Cochrane ^ Orcutt technique to correct for the serial autocorrelation in the data set. The simple Pearson correlation coe¤cients indicated that the percentage of smokers was negatively associated with male suicide and homicide rates (Pearson r~ ^ 0.84 and ^ 0.75, respectively, twotailed pv0.001) but not with female suicide and homicide rates (r~0.39 and 0.10, respectively). In the multiple regressions including divorce, marriage and birth rates as predictor variables, the percentage of smokers was positively associated with the male suicide rate (b coe¤cient~0.30, pv0.10) and negatively associated with the male homicide rate (b coe¤cient~ ^ 0.08, pv0.05). The b coe¤cients for female suicide and homicide rates were not statistically signi¢cant (0.07 and 0.02, respectively). The association of tobacco consumption with timeseries suicide rates (positive in the regression equations) are consistent with the predictions made from the individual-level research and con£ict with those reported by Lynn (3) in cross-sectional aggrega","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260040101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20776859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic differences in health indices, social networks and mortality among Swedish men. A study of men born in 1933.","authors":"A Rosengren,&nbsp;K Orth-Gomér,&nbsp;L Wilhelmsen","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260040801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260040801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In previous survey we found large socioeconomic differences in mortality among urban Swedish men which remained unexplained after controlling for smoking and standard coronary risk factors. The present analysis was undertaken in order to investigate a broader set of possible explanatory factors in another cohort of Swedish men.</p><p><strong>Study population and methods: </strong>Occupation was coded into five occupational classes for 717 of 776 participant men from a random population sample of 1016 men who were born in 1933. All were living in Göteborg and were 50 years old at the baseline examination. After 12 years' follow-up, 68 of the 717 men had died (9.5%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Low occupational class was associated with a higher prevalence of smoking at baseline, but no association was found with systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, serum triglycerides or serum cholesterol. Subjects from higher socioeconomic strata were taller, had higher maximum peak respiratory flow, lower plasma fibrinogen and lower body temperature. Low occupational class was associated with low social integration, low home activity levels, low levels of activity outside home and low social activity levels (p = 0.001 for all) and with low emotional support (p = 0.018). There were also associations between low occupational class and poor self-perceived health, as well as with several cardiovascular symptoms. During 12 years' follow-up, there was a graded and inverse relationship between occupational class and mortality from all causes. The highest mortality was found among the men who could not be classified (23 per 1,000 person years) Of the men in the lowest occupational class, 12 per 1,000 died, compared to 3 per 1,000 in the highest class (relative risk 3.7 (1.4-9.8)). After controlling for smoking, the relative risk decreased to 3.2 (1.2-8.6) and after further adjustment for emotional support, self-perceived health, activity level at home, and peak expiratory flow, the relative risk was still twofold but not significantly so (RR 2.1 (0.8-5.8)).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We were able to confirm earlier results as to the wide mortality differentials in urban middle-aged men in Sweden. There were also large differences in several other factors, including constitutional factors, health variables, lifestyle and social support indices, which explained important parts of the social mortality gradient, the most prominent being smoking, respiratory function, social network factors and subjective health.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"272-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260040801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20776855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of intellectual dysfunctioning and its correlates in a community-residing elderly population.","authors":"N Nakanishi,&nbsp;K Tatara,&nbsp;F Shinsho,&nbsp;T Takatorige,&nbsp;S Murakami,&nbsp;H Fukuda","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260031001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260031001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To examine the prevalence of intellectual dysfunctioning and its correlates in community-residing elderly people, a randomly selected sample of 1,405 people aged 65 and over living in Settsu, Osaka, were investigated in October 1992. Data for assessing intellectual dysfunctioning were obtained from 1,364 people (97.1%), excluding 21 clinically demented people (1.5%); 17.6/100, 5.6/100, and 3.3/100 of the population showed minor, moderate, and appreciable intellectual dysfunctioning, respectively, and the prevalence of intellectual dysfunctioning increased with age. By multivariate analyses using logistic regression, age over 75, poor general health, including current medical treatment, and psychosocial conditions such as no participation in social activities, no life worth living (no Ikigai), and anxiety about the future were independent risk factors for intellectual dysfunctioning. We conclude that intellectual dysfunctioning is closely associated with health and psychosocial conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"198-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260031001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20681975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of a historical register in social epidemiology: child mortality in Stockholm at the turn of the 19th century.","authors":"B Burström,&nbsp;F Diderichsen,&nbsp;E Bernhardt,&nbsp;L Smedman","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260030501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260030501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the age- and cause-specific levels and social determinants of high child mortality in Stockholm around the turn of the century. The study is based on computerized individual level sociodemographic information and the death certificates of children aged 0-15 years residing in Maria parish in Stockholm during the years 1885, 1891 and 1910 (n = 36,718) from a historical register (the Roteman archives). The usefulness of such data for further studies in social epidemiology is discussed. Age-specific rates and major causes of death compared well with other studies. Low social class and being born out of wedlock increased the overall risk of death in early childhood. Data appear valid and may be useful in social epidemiology. Further analyses of data from the Roteman archives may contribute to the understanding of causes behind high levels of cause- specific child mortality and trends in mortality in relation to societal change.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"166-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260030501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20680178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-rated health among cardiovascular drug users in a study of Swedish twins.","authors":"C Svärdh,&nbsp;D Isacson,&nbsp;N L Pedersen","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260030101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260030101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between self-perceived health and cardiovascular disease with and without drug treatment. Mental health and genetic effects were controlled for in the analyses. The data for these analyses were collected in 1984 as part of the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). In the first set of analyses, 1147 persons (mean age 60 years, 72% older than 50 years) were included. In the second part of the study, twin pairs discordant with respect to having a cardiovascular disease and/or drug use were included in the analyses. Cardiovascular disease was related to poor, self-rated health among both men and women. The proportion with bad health was largest among those with a drug-treated disease. In multivariate analyses, a strong relationship between cardiovascular disease, drug therapy and low self-rated health remained after controlling for mental health. The co-twin control analyses indicate that cardiovascular drugs have at most a marginal negative effect on health beyond the effects of the disease and genetic liability to self-perceived poor health.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"223-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260030101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20681978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in relation to certain work characteristics.","authors":"A Knutsson,&nbsp;T Nilsson","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260030801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260030801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to describe the prevalence of smoking, snuff use, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in relation to occupation among common female and male workers in Sweden. The associations between shift work, job strain, and tobacco use and exposure to ETS are assessed. The results are based on questionnaire data of 2,584 men and 2,836 women randomly selected from 63 occupations in two counties in Sweden. The prevalence of smoking ranges from 10% (95% CI 4.5-16%, police officers) to 42% (95% CI 29-55%, packing workers) in men, and between 8% (95% CI 2-14%, dentists) and 51% (95% CI 37-65%, packing workers) in women. Snuff use is more common among men (range 11-44% in different occupations) than among women (range 0-7%). The prevalence of exposure to passive smoking in this study ranges from 0.9% to 26% in men and from 0% to 30% in women. Shiftwork is significantly associated with current smoking, and job strain is significantly related to exposure to ETS. Ages between 18 and 29 years experienced an increased risk of exposure to ETS compared to older age groups. In conclusion, this study shows that tobacco use and exposure to ETS is still a major problem in the Swedish workplace.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"183-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260030801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20681973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perinatal determinants of adult cardiovascular disease and cancer.","authors":"L B Signorello,&nbsp;D Trichopoulos","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260030401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260030401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interest in perinatal factors, especially birthweight, as determinants of adult-onset diseases has been steadily growing. Low birthweight has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and high birthweight has been linked to higher risk of breast and possibly other cancers. Most mechanistic hypotheses that have been advanced to explain the empirical evidence linking perinatal conditions to adult-life disease in humans have invoked modulation of physiological processes by exogenous factors or poorly specified \"programming\" during fetal life. A form of programming that has a strong biological foundation and has recently been suggested for further study is genomic imprinting, which involves non-permanent DNA modifications and allows for influences that span three generations. The subject of the perinatal origin of adult-onset disease has profound implications and a large and reliable body of evidence needs to be assembled for biological theories to be validly evaluated against.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"161-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260030401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20680177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of social epidemiologic research on migrants' health: findings, methodological cautions, and theoretical perspectives.","authors":"R Friis,&nbsp;A Yngve,&nbsp;V Persson","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260030601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260030601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The phenomenon of world-wide immigration and migration has major implications for the health of the migrants in addition to its impact upon social and other service providers. Studies of migrants that utilize social epidemiologic methods fall within the traditional boundaries of descriptive and analytic approaches; this article reviews some of the studies that exemplify these approaches. It then suggests specific methodological issues and cautions pertaining to research on migrants and provides a theoretical model for organizing the diverse research studies that have been conducted. By stimulating discussion regarding social epidemiologic research on migrants' health, this model is intended to serve as a compass point for future research and needed interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"173-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260030601","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20681971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender trends in sick-listing with musculoskeletal symptoms in a Swedish county during a period of rapid increase in sickness absence.","authors":"M Leijon,&nbsp;G Hensing,&nbsp;K Alexanderson","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260031101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260031101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>Sickness absence and disability pension due to musculoskeletal diagnoses has increased in Sweden.</p><p><strong>Study objective: </strong>To study gender trends in sickness absence with musculoskeletal diagnoses and its changes in 1985-87.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A prospective population-based study of all new sick-leave spells exceeding seven days in 1985-87. Sickness absence with \"all diagnoses\" was compared to \"all musculoskeletal diagnoses\", the latter group was also divided into three sub-groups.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The county of Ostergötland, Sweden.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>All sick-leave insured aged 16-65; 107,000 women and 100,000 men.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>More women than men were sick-listed in \"all diagnoses\" in 1985. There were corresponding gender differences in sickness absence with musculoskeletal diagnoses except with the diagnosis \"low back pain\". Sick-listing with musculoskeletal diagnoses increased for both women and men from 1985 to 1987, but the increase was consistently much higher for women, especially for younger women.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"204-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260031101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20681976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in injury mortality between the Nordic countries--with special reference to differences in coding practices.","authors":"K A Melinder,&nbsp;R Andersson","doi":"10.1177/14034948980260030901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260030901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aims of the study are to analyse the incidence and patterns in injury mortality in the Nordic countries, and to assess the extent to which any differences found can be explained in terms of either variation in statistical validity or the existence of genuine differences. The study considers the entire injury panorama, and is performed between certain categories of injuries. Analysis is applied to all ages, and also to certain specific age categories. Finland appears as the Nordic country with the highest injury mortality. While examining potential source of errors, nothing was found to merit an adjustment of Finland's rate. All potential correction would bring the rates of the other Nordic countries closer to that of Finland. Poisoning was found to be a diagnosis that varies in application between the Nordic countries. Falling is the diagnosis with the greatest problems of sensitivity, and cannot be recommended for comparative purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":76525,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"190-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/14034948980260030901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20681974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}