Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"Transcutaneous pO2 electrode.","authors":"P. Vesterager","doi":"10.3109/00365517709098929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/00365517709098929","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of pO2 on the skin surface (tc-pO2) by means of a conventional Clark electrode have under normal conditions (i.e., without producing hyperaemia) shown low tc-pO2 values and thereby indicated only a small exchange of oxygen through the skin. By using a heated Clark electrode specially designed for application on the surface of the skin it is, however, possible to perform continuous, non-invasive monitoring of tc-pO2 which is highly correlated to the arterial pO2 (pO2 (aB)) and which responds rapidly to changes in the inspired oxygen concentration (pO2 (I)). The tc-pO2 electrode developed by Radiometer and based on the above mentioned principles, viz.: --the use of a Clark oxygen electrode --the application of hyperthermia to produce local hyperaemia is described together with the Radiometer TCM1 TC OXYGEN MONITOR. The in vitro calibration of the electrode is performed at 43 degrees C using water saturated with atmospheric air as high calibrating standard, and a sulphite solution as zero standard. The response time of the electrode lies within the range 12-18 sec for 95% response when using a 25 mu Teflon (FEP) membrane. If the calibration is performed as described, the electrode will respond almost linearly to pO2 values up to 700 mmHg.","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"1 1","pages":"27-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90458620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urine albumin: Recommendations for standardization.","authors":"W Greg Miller","doi":"10.1080/00365510802150125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802150125","url":null,"abstract":"A joint working group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP, USA) and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) has the objective of improving the standardization of sample collection, measuring and reporting for urine albumin concentration. The group held a conference in March 2007 to frame the issues and identify solutions for standardization. A full manuscript is in development reporting on the proceedings and recommendations from that conference. A brief summary is provided in this report. Current routine measurement procedures use immunoassay with nephelometric, turbidimetric or enzyme-linked measurements. External quality assessment programmes in several countries have shown a lack of agreement in results and in the units used to report results among different methods and laboratories. Surveys of clinicians and clinical laboratories have identified a lack of uniformity in sample collection, result-reporting and interpretation practices. Diabetes and kidney disease professional societies have developed clinical practice guidelines for interpreting urine albumin results. Consequently, the clinical laboratory profession is challenged to standardize the sample collection, albumin and creatinine measurements and reporting practices. Most professional society guidelines recommend either a random or first morning sample, rather than a 24-h collection. It is generally accepted that a random sample is more variable than a first or second morning sample, but it is not clear which of the latter two samples is preferred. The most common practice is to report the albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR), because this value is more consistent, regardless of the sample collection conditions, and correlates well with the albumin excretion rate. However, there are different units used for the ACR {(mg albumin)/(g creatinine) and (mg albumin/mmol creatinine)} that can complicate implementation of clinical guidelines for interpretation. Current professional society guidelines use fixed cut-points for classification of positive albuminuria and its relationship to kidney damage and risk for cardiovascular complications. However, the relationship between albumin excretion, kidney damage and cardiovascular disease is a continuum that is also influenced by factors such as age and gender. Additional investigation is needed to clarify the appropriate decision thresholds. Albumin is known to exist in a number of different molecular forms in both plasma and urine, including fragmented and glycosylated molecules, conformation changes due to ligand binding and a relatively wide range of matrix (e.g. pH, ionic strength) conditions. The influence of molecular forms and matrix conditions on quantitation by routine immunoassays is not well understood, but is a factor in standardizing measurements. Albumin in urine undergoes polymerization and fragmentation on storage and during freeze–thaw cycles. In addition, albumin is adsor","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"71-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802150125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27513130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Markers of Kidney Disease: 11th Bergmeyer Conference, IFCC-Roche Diagnostics Master Discussion, Improving the Clinical Value of Laboratory Data. Foreword.","authors":"Mauro Panteghini","doi":"10.1080/00365510802144961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802144961","url":null,"abstract":"Today, laboratory medicine is recognized as a science underpinning Medicine as a whole. It has an important role in the diagnostic process, in the monitoring of disease and therapy, and in prevention and risk stratification. The validity and the utility of laboratory tests are continuously under evaluation, and being linked with clinical outcome through the interdisciplinary dialogue between clinicians. Standardization of laboratory measurements, ensuring the interchangeability of results over time and space and allowing results of clinical studies undertaken in different locations or times to be universally applied, are basic in enabling effective cooperation between laboratory workers and clinicians, often producing guidelines for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. With the main objective of achieving even better comparability and compatibility of laboratory results, leading to improving the clinical value of laboratory information and permitting a common global approach to diseases, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) organizes Bergmeyer Conferences. This series of IFCC Master Discussions of experts and brainstorming fora started 20 years ago and is still generously sponsored by Roche Diagnostics. The meetings have resulted not only in the theoretical basis for the above-mentioned objectives being summarised, but also in comprehensive reviews of specific, rapidly developing areas of laboratory science. The 11th Bergmeyer Conference was entitled ‘‘Markers of Kidney Disease’’ and focused on epidemiological, clinical, analytical (including standardization) issues and future trends. Kidney disease is now a major health problem; the incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal disease and kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation have increased significantly during the past 25 years. With this in mind, the development of best practice in relation to detection and management of kidney disease, in the hope of slowing its progression, is therefore an important contribution by which analytically reliable and clinically relevant laboratory tests for evaluation of renal function can take a central role. The Conference programme reflects the multidisciplinary approach in attempts to promote a closer working relationship between laboratory professionals, nephrologists and other clinicians practising in renal medicine. It is significant that so many distinguished scientists representing, among others, guideline setting organizations, governmental bodies, academic centres, hospitals and diagnostic manufacturers have accepted an invitation actively to conduct discussions and gain further insight into this important subject. The lectures and contributions given during the Conference are published in the present volume. The discussions were recorded and put in their proper context by Janet Smith. Anders Kallner again took over the main responsibility for editing the proceedings of this 11th Conferen","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802144961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27513205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"United Kingdom guidelines for chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Edmund J Lamb","doi":"10.1080/00365510802144920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802144920","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The great majority of patients starting renal replacement therapy (RRT) have progressed from earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD): most could therefore have been identified earlier, with possible improvements in outcome. Although end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is relatively rare, treatment with dialysis or transplantation is very expensive, currently costing over 2 % of the total National Health Service (NHS) budget. Any improvement in the early identification and management of CKD is therefore highly desirable. Recent years have seen kidney disease move up the health-political agenda in the United Kingdom (UK). This process began with the publication of the National Service Framework (NSF) for Renal Services, which was underpinned by UK guidelines for the identification, management and referral of CKD in adults. Implementation of these strategies was encouraged by a national roll-out of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting and by paying primary care physicians an incentive to identify CKD through the inclusion of a renal domain in the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). National variation in eGFR reporting was addressed through a UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UKNEQAS) \"harmonization\" process. In autumn 2008, it is anticipated that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) will publish its clinical guidelines on CKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802144920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27513209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to implement traceability of creatinine results: a manufacturer's experience.","authors":"Hans-Joachim Kytzia","doi":"10.1080/00365510802149937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802149937","url":null,"abstract":"In 1997, Roche Diagnostics introduced an enzymatic creatinine test based on the enzymatic conversion of creatinine via creatine to sarcosine and on the quantification of sarcosine by a Trinder method involving sarcosine oxidase, peroxidase and aminoantipyrine. This method is a priori free of the well-known unspecific reactions of the classical ‘‘Creatinine Jaffe’’ method. Owing to the use of established techniques, it does not give a colour reaction with endogenous creatine and shows little or no interference from substances known to interfere with the Trinder reaction. As a consequence, a method comparison performed with 95 human sera gave a very good correlation with negligible intercept to the reference method isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (ID-MS; Figure 1). A comparable correlation could not be obtained in the past with the Roche/Hitachi Jaffe method (Figure 2). The discrepancy between the Jaffe and the ID-MS creatinine results is caused by the reaction of the alkaline picrate reagent with a variety of endogenous sample components in addition to that with creatinine. This results in an intercept in the method comparison that cannot be corrected by routine calibration procedures. However, the difference is fairly constant at approximately 26 mmol/L (0.3 mg/ dL) for serum or plasma samples over the entire measuring range. This finding led Roche Diagnostics to introduce the ‘‘Creatinine Jaffe compensated’’ method that automatically corrects each result by 224 mmol/L (20.27 mg/dL). Using this compensation in combination with a new standardization, an acceptable correlation with the reference method results is obtained with the Roche/Hitachi Jaffe method as well (Figure 3). While, with implementation of the Jaffe compensated method, the Creatinine routine methods showed satisfactory agreement with and the desired traceability to the reference method ID-MS, a new problem arose with estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Estimation of GFR is used in screening for chronic kidney disease. According to the recommendations of the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP), eGFR is calculated by the ‘‘four-variable MDRD Study equation’’ from the serum creatinine concentration and the other three variables: age, gender, race ([2], for review see [3]). A GFR of v60 mL/min per 1.73 m is considered to be highly indicative of impaired kidney function. However, on switching from the Roche/Hitachi Jaffe to the ID-MS traceable methods Creatinine enzymatic or Creatinine Jaffe compensated, the GFR calculated with the original MDRD Study equation increased considerably, i.e. from 58 to 65 mL/(min61.73 m) for an 18-year-old Caucasian female with a Creatinine concentration of 102 mmol/L (1.15 mg/dL) as determined with an ID-MS traceable method (Figure 4). The problem of a shift in GFR values upon switching to an ID-MS traceable Creatinine method was recognized and the so-called ‘‘re-expressed 4variable MDRD Study equation’’ was developed [4]","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"64-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802149937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27513128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute kidney injury: epidemiology and assessment.","authors":"John A Kellum,&nbsp;Eric A J Hoste","doi":"10.1080/00365510802144813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802144813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An evolving understanding of epidemiology and pathophysiology of acute organ dysfunction in the setting of critical illness has given rise to new concepts and terminology for a syndrome once known as either acute tubular necrosis or acute renal failure. Indeed, the clinical syndrome known as acute tubular necrosis does not actually manifest the morphological changes that the name implies. Similarly, a precise biochemical definition of acute renal failure was never proposed, and until recently there has been no consensus on the diagnostic criteria or clinical definition. The RIFLE criteria were developed to achieve diagnostic standardization and the term acute kidney injury (AKI) has been proposed to encompass the entire spectrum of the syndrome from minor changes in renal function to requirement for renal replacement therapy. AKI is not acute tubular necrosis nor is it acute renal failure. Small changes in kidney function in hospitalized patients are important and are associated with significant changes in short and possibly long-term outcomes. The RIFLE criteria provide a uniform definition of AKI and have now been validated in numerous studies. The population incidence of AKI is approximately 2000-3000 patients per million population per year. The incidence of AKI is increasing and ICU patients with AKI have a longer length of stay and therefore generate greater costs. In addition, AKI is associated with increased mortality, even after correction for covariates. Patients with AKI who are treated with RRT, still have a mortality of 50-60 %. Of surviving patients, 5-20 % remain dialysis-dependent at hospital discharge.</p>","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802144813","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27513206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL): a new marker of kidney disease.","authors":"Prasad Devarajan","doi":"10.1080/00365510802150158","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00365510802150158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of both acute kidney injury (AKI, previously referred to as acute renal failure) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reaching epidemic proportions. In both situations, early intervention can significantly improve the prognosis. However, the paucity of early, predictive, non-invasive biomarkers has impaired our ability to institute potentially effective therapies for these common clinical conditions in a timely manner. The current status of one of the most promising novel biomarkers, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is presented in this review. The evidence for the role of NGAL measurements in a variety of clinical situations leading to AKI (cardiac surgery, kidney transplantation, contrast nephropathy, haemolytic uraemic syndrome and in the intensive care setting) or to CKD (lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritides, obstruction, dysplasia, polycystic kidney disease, IgA nephropathy) is explored. The emerging utility of standardized clinical platforms for reliable measurement of NGAL in plasma (Triage NGAL Device; Biosite Incorporated) and urine (ARCHITECT analyzer; Abbott Diagnostics) is also discussed. It will be important in future studies to validate the sensitivity and specificity of NGAL concentration measurements in clinical samples from large cohorts and from multiple clinical situations. Such studies will be facilitated by the anticipated widespread availability of standardized commercial tools in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"89-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2528839/pdf/nihms-64071.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27514606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmunity in kidney diseases.","authors":"Ralph Kettritz","doi":"10.1080/00365510802150232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802150232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Renal involvement in autoimmunity has many facets. Glomerular, tubular and vascular structures are targeted and damaged as a consequence of autoimmune processes. Most dramatic and life-threatening causes are observed with diseases that result in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (GN), frequently accompanied by involvement of additional non-renal organs. Typical diseases with these characteristics are anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitidis, anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) GN and proliferative lupus nephritis. The leading cause of rapidly progressive GN is ANCA-associated GN and is the main focus of this article. Two major ANCA antigens have been described, namely proteinase 3 (PR3), with a cytoplasmic immunfluorescence staining pattern, and myeloperoxidase (MPO), with a perinuclear pattern. ANCA-associated diseases include Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) and a renal limited disease form that presents solely with necrotizing crescentic GN. Because of the strong ANCA association with the aforementioned diseases, ANCA has become a valuable diagnostic tool for clinicians. Moreover, a variety of in vitro and in vivo findings have established the causal role of ANCA in the disease development. Recently, the membrane-PR3 expression pattern on neutrophils was shown to have clinical significance, suggesting membrane-PR3 as a novel biomarker. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that membrane-PR3 expression is restricted to a stable subset of neutrophils. This subset is determined by the existence of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored NB1 receptor (CD177). Better understanding of the PR3-NB1 interaction may have therapeutic implications with the development of more selective drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802150232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27514608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): a specific and sensitive biomarker of kidney injury.","authors":"Joseph V Bonventre","doi":"10.1080/00365510802145059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802145059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is an urgent need for the detection and monitoring of kidney injury in both the acute and chronic disease setting. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), a type-1 transmembrane protein, is not normally present, but is expressed on the proximal tubule apical membrane with injury. Kim-1 has proved to be an outstanding indicator of kidney injury in the rat, outperforming blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine as predictors of histopathological changes in the proximal tubule in response to many pathophysiological states or toxicants. Studies in man indicate that tissue expression and urinary excretion of the ectodomain of KIM-1 are sensitive and specific markers of injury as well as predictors of outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"78-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802145059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27513132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical role of urinary low molecular weight proteins: their diagnostic and prognostic implications.","authors":"Walter G Guder,&nbsp;Walter Hofmann","doi":"10.1080/00365510802150174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802150174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In traditional urinalysis, casts in the urinary sediment are the only specific signs of renal tubular injury. When tubulo-interstitial fibrosis became the most predictive sign of renal outcome, tubular enzymes derived from proximal tubular brush border or lysosomes were used as early markers of nephrotoxicity and other tubular dysfunctions. More recently, the increase in low molecular weight proteins in urine, assumed to be freely filtered, was reported to reflect tubular dysfunction. This can have pre-renal, renal and post-renal causes. Among the pre-renal causes, Bence Jones protein (immunoglobulin light chains), myoglobin and haemoglobin are signs of extra-renal diseases. On the other hand, beta(2)-microglobulin, alpha(1)-microglobulin, retinol binding protein and lysozyme were recommended as tubular markers. Because of its lower pre-renal variability and higher stability in urine during storage in the bladder and urinary vessel, alpha(1)-microglobulin proved to be the most valuable in early detection, renal outcome prediction and easy inclusion in routine analytical programmes. In addition, other markers of intra-renal inflammatory processes may help to mirror histological changes occurring in the kidney. Future guidelines should therefore include low molecular protein as a tubular marker.</p>","PeriodicalId":76518,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation. Supplementum","volume":"241 ","pages":"95-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00365510802150174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27514607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}