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Early studies of tuberculosis. 肺结核的早期研究。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
G W Comstock
{"title":"Early studies of tuberculosis.","authors":"G W Comstock","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cohort studies have been of great importance in the establishment of what is known about the epidemiology of tuberculosis. The individuals who conducted these studies provided useful models for the application of life table, person-time, and cohort analyses to the study of diseases. These tuberculosis workers not only have shown that follow-up of large cohorts can be virtually complete, but, even more importantly for future cohort studies, they have also shown how cohort investigations can be done at minimal expense.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"23-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15015333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Selection factors in cohort studies. 队列研究中的选择因素。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
W J Nicholson
{"title":"Selection factors in cohort studies.","authors":"W J Nicholson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cohort studies play an important role in the quantitation of cancer risk among occupationally exposed individuals. Properly conducted cohort studies can develop important data on the age, time, and exposure dependence of cancer risk. Such information allows identification of possible selection effects which may be present and allows generalization of risk estimates to other exposure circumstances.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"111-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies. 美国癌症协会前瞻性研究的选择、随访和分析。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
L Garfinkel
{"title":"Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies.","authors":"L Garfinkel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The organization and selection characteristics of the American Cancer Society's prospective studies are reviewed, and problems connected with the follow-up procedures are discussed. Also included are descriptions of some of the features of analysis in cohort studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"49-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Selection, follow-up, and analysis in prospective studies: a workshop. Proceedings of a conference. New York, N.Y., October 3-5, 1983. 前瞻性研究的选择、随访和分析:研讨会。会议记录。1983年10月3日至5日，纽约。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
{"title":"Selection, follow-up, and analysis in prospective studies: a workshop. Proceedings of a conference. New York, N.Y., October 3-5, 1983.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"1-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rewards for cancer control with use of biologic markers and end points. 使用生物标志物和终点对癌症控制的奖励。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
P Kotin
{"title":"Rewards for cancer control with use of biologic markers and end points.","authors":"P Kotin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing availability of biologic markers and end points offers significant potential for improvement in cancer control. These tools are underutilized today, but it is clear that they can be major assets to pathologists, clinicians, epidemiologists, and ultimately to programs designed for preventive or therapeutic intervention in populations and individuals at high cancer risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"129-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multivariate cohort analysis. 多变量队列分析。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
N Breslow
{"title":"Multivariate cohort analysis.","authors":"N Breslow","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modern methods of categorical and survival data analysis are usefully applied to the multivariate analysis of follow-up data that arise in epidemiologic cohort studies. They provide a formal basis for extending analyses based on the standardized mortality ratio into the multivariate domain so as to permit simultaneous consideration of such risk factors as age, duration, and intensity of exposure; age and calendar year of follow-up; and personal characteristics. Analogous methods are available that control for demographic variables internally, without reference to vital statistics or other standard rates. Various model structures allow for the effects of different variables to combine in an additive, multiplicative, or mixed (additive relative risks) fashion. Illustrative analyses are provided of the relationship between respiratory cancer mortality and arsenic exposure in a cohort of Montana smelter workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"149-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Actuarial contributions to life table analysis. 精算对生命表分析的贡献。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
E A Lew
{"title":"Actuarial contributions to life table analysis.","authors":"E A Lew","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The correct principles for the construction of life tables and more particularly select life tables were developed by actuaries in England in the first half of the 19th century. Actuaries explored the phenomenon of selection not only between the insured and annuitants but also in the general population, distinguishing among initial temporary selection, antiselection, and class selection. The conclusion was reached early that no such thing as an unselected population exists. Group life insurance experience among the actively employed has been shown to provide a more appropriate standard of expected mortality than general population death rates in studies of medical impairments and occupational hazards at ages under 65 years. Mortality rates derived from the Cancer Prevention Study can serve as a useful standard of expected mortality when the objective is determination of excess mortality compared with ostensibly healthy persons at ages 65 years and older.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15018503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Underlying theory of actuarial analyses. 精算分析的基本理论。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
B Benjamin
{"title":"Underlying theory of actuarial analyses.","authors":"B Benjamin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The developments in theory governing the calculation of mortality rates for use in survival measurements working through the initial basic concept of exposure to risk to the later introduction of stochastic elements are reviewed. I have indicated the way in which actuaries and statisticians who work closely with those in the fields of medicine and biology have, by the exchange of methodologic ideas, come to an identity of approach. Recent new actuarial work and likely future developments in actuarial interests are reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"7-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Matched groups analysis method. 匹配组分析法。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
E C Hammond
{"title":"Matched groups analysis method.","authors":"E C Hammond","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The matched group analysis method in prospective studies is a variation of matched pairs analysis with the advantage of sampling error avoided in the choosing of pairs of subjects. An example is shown in which comparisons are given of mortality in triads of cases classified by the tar and nicotine level of the cigarettes they smoked and matched on 10 variables. The method can also be used in retrospective and autopsy studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"157-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the Health Insurance Plan Study: a randomized trial with breast cancer screening. 健康保险计划研究的选择、随访和分析:乳腺癌筛查的随机试验。
National Cancer Institute monograph Pub Date : 1985-05-01
S Shapiro, W Venet, P Strax, L Venet, R Roeser
{"title":"Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the Health Insurance Plan Study: a randomized trial with breast cancer screening.","authors":"S Shapiro,&nbsp;W Venet,&nbsp;P Strax,&nbsp;L Venet,&nbsp;R Roeser","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Critical decisions made 20 years ago by those who planned the randomized trial at the Health Insurance Plan (HIP) of Greater New York to determine the efficacy of periodic screening for breast cancer are detailed. These decisions affected the age group to be screened, screening modalities, frequency of screening, sample size, primary measures for testing efficacy, and period of follow-up (long term). Results of follow-up, 16 years after entry, indicate that mortality due to breast cancer continues to be lower among study women than controls. Numerically, the differential has been stable; relatively, it has decreased. It is estimated that the study group would have experienced about a 30% reduction in breast cancer mortality if screening had been maintained. Relative case survival rates over a 14-year period after diagnosis show changes in contours of trend lines that result from screening. The study group's trend is slightly concave in contrast to the usual convex curve for the controls. The contour of the curve is more decidedly concave among subjects detected through mammography alone than for other subgroups detected through screening, although the relative survival rate remains highest in the mammography only group. Uncertainty persists about effects of screening in the HIP study on breast cancer mortality among women aged 40-49 years at entry.</p>","PeriodicalId":76196,"journal":{"name":"National Cancer Institute monograph","volume":"67 ","pages":"65-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15159584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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