American Journal of Applied Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Contamination Levels in Underutilized Grains (Guinea Corn, Pigeon Peas and Bambara Nut) in South East Nigeria","authors":"Ifeoma Maryrose Odika, Gloria Chinenye Nwansiobi, Uche Virginia Okpala, Evangeline Chinyere Obi-Uchendu, Mediatrix Obiageli Odionyenma","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221002.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75999771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and Characterization of Light Aggregates from Phosphate Ore Processing Waste from the Hahotoe and Kpogame Mines, Potential Use for Agricultural Applications","authors":"Moursalou Koriko, Dodji Zounon, Diyadola Dihéénane Bafai, S. Tchegueni, K. A. Degbe, K. Fiaty, P. Drogui, G. Tchangbedji","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210906.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210906.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study relates to the development of light aggregates from phosphate sludge, rejects to sieves and clays. Three types of aggregates denoted S9, S10 and S11 have been developed. Samples S9 are composed of clay, screenings and phosphate sludge, samples S10 of clay and screenings and samples S11 of clay and phosphate sludge. The influence of temperature and cooking time on the properties (water absorption, density, porosity, etc.) of the aggregates produced was studied, as well as their mineralogical composition. For this purpose, three different cooking temperatures 900°C, 950°C and 1000°C, and two cooking times 30 and 60 min were considered. This study showed that the water absorption of aggregates cooked for 30 min varies between 12.71% and 14.93% while that of aggregates cooked for 60 min varies between 12.78% and 15.16%. The lowest water absorption is observed at the S10 aggregates sintered at 900°C for 30 min while the highest water absorption is observed at the S9 aggregates sintered at 900°C for 60 min. The dry density of aggregates cooked for 30 min varies between 1.27 and 1.68 g/cm3 while that of aggregates cooked for 60 min varies between 1.75 and 2.13 g/cm3. With the exception of S11 aggregates baked at 950 and 1000°C for 60 min, which have their density greater than 2 g/cm3, all the others can be considered light aggregates. It should also be noted that the aggregates cooked for 30 min have a lower density than the aggregates cooked for 60 min. The porosity of the aggregates cooked for 30 min varies between 16.30 and 20%, on the other hand the aggregates cooked for 60 min varies between 19.06 and 23.64%. X-ray diffraction analysis of the aggregates shows that they are mainly composed of fluoroapatite, quartz, hematite and plagioclases (albite, labradorite, and anorthite). The study also showed that the amount of quartz and fluoroapatite decrease with temperature. On the basis of the physical and mineralogical analysis carried out on the light aggregates, we could find them suitable for agricultural applications, especially their uses as substrates in hydroponics, in greenhouse cultivation in general, and in gardening.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75765694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-acute Oral Toxicity of Pancratium trianthum Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) Bulb’s Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts in Wistar Rat","authors":"Arnaud Davo, M. F. Assogba, J. F. A. Aïkpe, Djidénou Ahoton, E. Ladekan, J. Gbénou","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.17","url":null,"abstract":"Pancratium trianthum Herb. is a herb whose leaves and seeds are reportedly highly toxic. However, the bulb is used in the form of aqueous decoctions, orally, in the treatment of cough and asthma in traditional medicine in southern Benin. The interest in the use of Pancratium trianthum Herb. bulb requires that an approach of its toxicity be undertaken in order to establish the safety of this treatment. Larval and acute toxicity tests were conducted. The larval toxicity test showed that the mortality of the larvae followed a dose-response relationship in that the number of dead larvae increased with increasing concentration using the logarithmic adjustment performed. For the acute toxicity test on rats, due to the doses administered and the treatments carried out, we obtained for the bulb of Pancratium trianthum Herb. an MTD of about 290 mg/kg.bw, an LD50 of 275 mg/kg.bw for the ethanolic extract and an LD50 of 365 mg/kg.bw for the aqueous extract. We thus retain that the bulb of Pancratium trianthum Herb. is not devoid of toxicity. It is slightly toxic and can be classified, especially its aqueous extract, as a product of category 4 of plant extracts according to the OECD guidelines (2008). However, these results reassure us about the safety of the plant when used at a suitable dose and the analysis of biochemical parameters further confirms the relative safety of the plant. Phytochemical studies revealed that the plant has a heterogeneity of chemical groups and a significant antioxidant activity, which could be responsible for its anti-asthmatic properties.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"157 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79445785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Biodiesel Production with Sustainable Feedstock Using Assorted Catalyst","authors":"C. P. Okonkwo, V. Ajiwe, M. C. Obiadi, M. Okwu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.15","url":null,"abstract":"This research is focused on methodical appraisal and long lasting use of feed stocks for manufacture of biodiesel. Biodiesel is a good substitute to petroleum diesel because of its environmentally friendly constituents. They are renewable, sustainable with high oxygen content. Production of biodiesel form various feedstock’s using a suitable and affordable catalyst have also been reported in this review. They are produced by the reaction of a free fatty acid with an alcohol using a suitable catalyst at appropriate conditions with suitable parameters. Consideration of sundry or assorted materials for production of biodiesel became necessary in order to have an idea of quality yield of biodiesel from different materials. It is equally important to note that one of the most common input parameters for accelerating the yield of biodiesel is feed stocks. The most prevalent is catalyst, which vary for biodiesel production. There are various catalyst for biodiesel production ranging from base catalyst, acid catalyst and many more. This research delves into sustainable production of biodiesel from diverse categories and the effects of the produced biodiesel on the fuel properties. Various breakthroughs have been recorded from different researchers to increase biodiesel as a vital fuel for engines. In addition to its tremendous capacity to evacuate various problems from the environment like the greenhouse gases and global warming, they are also very affordable and renewable. Biodiesel will play a vital role in the energy investment and contribute tremendously to the increase in the local and industrial automobile economy for the future.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87537866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activities of Tannin Extracts of Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae) and Combretum glutinosum Perr. ex DC (Combretaceae)","authors":"Eléonore Chikani Ladekan-Yayi, P. M. Toklo, D. Dah-Nouvlessounon, M. F. Assogba, S. C. N. Wouamba, B. T. Tchegnitegni, G. G. Alowanou, L. Baba-Moussa, S. Hounzangbé-Adoté, B. Lenta, S. Kouam, Gbénou Joachim Djimon","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.14","url":null,"abstract":"Combretum glutinosum and Mitragyna inermis are two plants used in Benin as a dewormer and antibiotic in traditional human and veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the both plants tannin extracts. The extracts were tested in vitro on Haemonchus contortus larvae and worms and on the growth of 11 reference strains by agar medium diffusion method. Their chemical compositions were determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. It was found that total tannins extracted from plant leaves showed a strong inhibition on H. contortus larvae and adult worms compared to the negative control. Concerning the antimicrobial activity, M. inermis extract had an effect only on Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a MIC of 2.5 mg/mL. C. glutinosum extract inhibited the growth of most microbial strains with MIC values ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg/mL. The DPPH test showed that the extracts of C. glutinosum (IC50 = 8.04 µg/mL) and M. inermis (IC50 = 11.21 µg/mL) have good antioxidant activity and these results are confirmed by the FRAP method. Four (4) compounds could be identified in the tannin extract of C. glutinosum and could explain its activities. The results obtained from this work revealed that the tannins extracted from C. glutinosum showed better anthelmintic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities compared to the extracts from M. inermis.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87194075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and Characterization of Biosilica from Raphia Africana Fruit Shells and Borassus aethiopum Leaves","authors":"E. Iornumbe, Orseer Sarwuan, R. Wuana","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210905.13","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural wastes which include leaves, shells, husk, stalks, bagasse and ash of plants are often residues of processing or growing of raw agricultural products [1]. These wastes may contain materials that are beneficial to man despite their contribution to environmental pollution. Increase in human population has led to increase in agricultural expansion with exponential increase in waste generation [2]. Converting these wastes to useful forms is of great significance. In this study, biosilica was extracted from the ash of Borassus aethiopum leaves (BALA) and Raphia africana fruit shells (RASA) using precipitation method. The ashes obtained were characterized using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) were used to characterize the extracted silica. Morphology of the extracted biosilica using SEM revealed fine globules of various sizes formed from aggregates of biosilica at different magnifications: 150x, 500x and 1000x. FTIR spectra of the extracted biosilica revealed the presence of hydroxyl (OH), silanol (Si-O-H) and siloxane (Si-O-Si) functional groups recorded at absorption bands: 3395.6, 1636.3 and 1062.3 cm-1 respectively for BALA and 3388.2, 1640.0 and 1058.6 cm-1 respectively for RASA. XRF of the extracted biosilica showed two major peaks which correspond to the presence of silicon and oxygen atoms respectively. Percentage extraction of biosilica from the two precursors was between 70-90%. AAS result revealed that BALA had biosilica 67% while RASA showed 82% biosilica content. This study revealed that the leaves of BALA and fruit shells of RASA are good sources of silica and as such, converting waste to wealth thereby reducing green-house gases like CO2 released into the atmosphere when left to decompose naturally.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83064896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Health Risks Associated with the Ingestion of Heavy Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn, Hg) in Vegetable Crops in the City of Daloa (Ivory Coast)","authors":"Yapi Yapo Hermann Aristide, Akesse Djamatche Paul Valery, Koffi Akissi Lydie Chantal, D. Brou, Dongui Bini Kouame","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210904.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210904.14","url":null,"abstract":"In order to assess the health risks associated with the ingestion of heavy metals or trace metal elements (TME) contained in foodstuffs from market garden crops, we sampled the tomato, cabbage, onion and leaves of 'onions and lettuce grown in the lowlands of the town of Daloa. The concentrations of ETM contained in these market garden products were determined by an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) using three methods such as the flame method (Zn), the oven method (Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Ni) and the hydride (Hg) method. The results obtained showed that the heavy metals studied are present in fruits and vegetables with the most important Zn, Cr and Ni contents. However, metals such as arsenic, mercury and zinc present a concentration higher than that of the standard in force for the foodstuffs studied. Thus, the consumption of market garden products from cultivated soils in the areas studied could present dangers for the exposed population. Indeed, the study of the health risks associated with the ingestion of these vegetables has shown that for arsenic and zinc the determined Danger Quotient are all greater than 1. Which means that these vegetable crops present risks. related to the ingestion of zinc and arsenic. this means that the exposed population is theoretically out of danger. The values obtained from the Health Impact (SI) are all less than 1 for the population surveyed. On the other hand, for the estimated population of the city of Daloa we observe an IS> 1.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79261039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Mobility of Some Metallic Trace Elements (MTEs) of Certain Lowlands of the City of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)","authors":"Yapi Yapo Hermann Arsitide, Gouli Bi Irié Marc, Kouyaté Amadou, Diby Brou, Dongui Bini Kouamé, Trokourey Albert","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20210904.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210904.12","url":null,"abstract":"Metallic Trace Elements (ETM) are naturally transported to the shallows by runoff. As the lowlands are exploited for market gardening, ETM can be found in the products of these crops and present risks of contamination for the populations. It is with this in mind that we decided to study the mobility of metallic trace elements in the soils of the market garden lowlands of the city of Daloa. To achieve this goal, nine (9) soil samples were taken from 3 sites at different depths (0 - 15 cm, 15 to 30 cm and more than 30 cm). The determination of the water pH and of the organic fraction of the sediments were carried out according to ISO 10390 and NF ISO 10694 standards respectively. The ETM contents were obtained by an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results obtained showed that the majority of the sediments studied are acidic. In addition, they contain a more or less large organic fraction of between 10 and 50%. In addition, our studies demonstrated a mobility of certain ETMs, in particular As, Cr, Hg and Zn, depending on the different sediment profiles studied. Also, Cd, Cr, Mg, Ni, Pb are linked to organic matter and to the clay fraction of the sediments. However, their mobility would be influenced by pH.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78263016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Constituents of Three Species of Marine Macro- Algae from Sitio Usadda, Pangutaran, Sulu, Philippines","authors":"M. Hanani","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210904.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210904.11","url":null,"abstract":"Seaweeds are a rich source of highly potential bioactive compounds in the pharmaceutical industry. To date, many chemically unique compounds of marine origin with various biological activities have been isolated and some of them are under investigation and to develop new pharmaceuticals. The phytochemical screening will be limited to the determination of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids using two organic solvents such as ethanol and methanol. The result of the phytochemical test proves that there is a difference in the capacity of different solvents to extract active compounds. In methanol extracts tannins and terpenoids are present in Ulva reticulate in moderate amount. Terpenoids are slightly present in Sargassum cristaefolium and terpenoids and saponins are slightly present in Halymenia durvillei. In methanol extracts Ulva reticulata contains coumarins and saponins in moderate amount and terpenoids is only slightly present. Also, the methanol extract of Sargassum cristaefolium and Halymenia durvillei, contain terpenoids in moderate amount. It can be deduced from the screening test that terpenoids is the dominant constituents present in the three algal samples. Both ethanol and methanol seaweed extracts showed that alkaloids, flavonoids and xanthoprotein were absent in the three seaweed extracts of U. reticulata, S. cristaefolium and H. durvillei. An absence of alkaloid in U. reticulata in present study is due to effect of the geographical location and seasons of collection. Differences can be attributed to solubility of active component in different solvents used. Methods of extraction were possible sources of variation for chemical composition and extracted for bioactivity reaction. Indeed, there is no doubt that more terpenoids identified from marine algae will become available and will be used in food industry and will be utilized as source of natural antioxidant and clinical drugs that will play a significant role in human disease treatment in the future.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89572915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trisodium Citrate Synthesis at Ambient Temperature Using Sodium Hydroxide Relatively in Excess and Citric Acid with Ethanol-90 as Solvent","authors":"N. R. Randriana, Avotra Marson Randrianomenjanahary, A. Rabeharitsara","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.14","url":null,"abstract":"Trisodium citrate C6H5O7Na3 is one of the most widely used synthetic chemicals in the laboratory as raw materials to synthesize some metals-citricacid-oxides and also to control the acidity of certain substances and/or solutions; thus it is rare to find it in stock at suppliers. That was why synthesizing this product in laboratory came suddenly in the head and ended up being realized within certain experimental conditions such as: the synthesis was carried out at room temperature, under atmospheric pressure, the initial concentration of sodium hydroxide 4.38 twice higher was relatively in excess against citric acid and using ethanol-90° as solvent. It consisted of mixing citric acid with sodium hydroxide 99% purity, and ethanol 90% purity which served as a solvent. In fact, the two raw materials, citric acid and sodium hydroxide are all soluble in ethanol while the desired product trisodium citrate isn’t insoluble in this solvent-ethanol. The calculated initial pH of the raw materials solution was 15.21 and the solvent-ethanol quantities was evaluated so that eventual water molecules and eventual sodium ethoxide formed during the synthesis were soluble in it. Thus, all synthesized trisodium citrate crystals insoluble in ethanol were located at the bottom and separated. To quantify all these synthesized trisodium citrate-C6H5O7Na3 crystals, a titration procedure using hydrochloric acid HCl-0.1N was established. Application of this established titration procedure allowed to follow the reaction with time and consequently to evaluate the speed constant of this reaction synthesis of trisodium citrate-C6H5O7Na3 crystals under these previous experimental conditions which was equal to 1.56E-2 [L2×mol-2×s-1]. Also, the initial speed formation of synthesized sodium ethoxide was equal to 0.0027 [mol×l-1×s-1] and the citric acid conversion only after 30 minutes of reaction was 92.56%. The evaluation of this synthesized trisodium citrate crystals porosity was done by immersion in an isopropyl alcohol giving a value in the order of 48,67% and density equal to 1.79[g/cm3].","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85811734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}