Journal of speech and hearing research最新文献

A Rapid Laser Probing Method Facilitates the Non-invasive and Contact-free Determination of Leaf Thermal Properties. 快速激光探测法有助于非侵入式和非接触式测定叶片热特性。

IF 1.2

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 2017-01-07 DOI: 10.3791/54835

Johannes F Buyel, Hannah M Gruchow, Martin Wehner

{"title":"A Rapid Laser Probing Method Facilitates the Non-invasive and Contact-free Determination of Leaf Thermal Properties.","authors":"Johannes F Buyel, Hannah M Gruchow, Martin Wehner","doi":"10.3791/54835","DOIUrl":"10.3791/54835","url":null,"abstract":"Plants can produce valuable substances such as secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins. The purification of the latter from plant biomass can be streamlined by heat treatment (blanching). A blanching apparatus can be designed more precisely if the thermal properties of the leaves are known in detail, i.e., the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. The measurement of these properties is time consuming and labor intensive, and usually requires invasive methods that contact the sample directly. This can reduce the product yield and may be incompatible with containment requirements, e.g., in the context of good manufacturing practice. To address these issues, a non-invasive, contact-free method was developed that determines the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of an intact plant leaf in about one minute. The method involves the application of a short laser pulse of defined length and intensity to a small area of the leaf sample, causing a temperature increase that is measured using a near infrared sensor. The temperature increase is combined with known leaf properties (thickness and density) to determine the specific heat capacity. The thermal conductivity is then calculated based on the profile of the subsequent temperature decline, taking thermal radiation and convective heat transfer into account. The associated calculations and critical aspects of sample handling are discussed.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"23 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2017-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5407673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of a metronome on the filled pauses of fluent speakers. 节拍器对流利说话者停顿的影响。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1232

N Christenfeld

引用次数: 22

Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in English-speaking children. 趋向时态作为英语儿童特异性语言障碍的临床标志。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1239

M L Rice, K Wexler

{"title":"Toward tense as a clinical marker of specific language impairment in English-speaking children.","authors":"M L Rice, K Wexler","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1239","url":null,"abstract":"A critical clinical issue is the identification of a clinical marker, a linguistic form or principle that can be shown to be characteristic of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). In this paper we evaluate, as candidate clinical markers, a set of morphemes that mark Tense. In English, this includes -s third person singular, -ed regular past, BE, and DO. According to the Extended Optional Infinitive Account (EOI) of Rice, Wexler, and Cleave (1995), this set of morphemes is likely to appear optionally in the grammars of children with SLI at a rate lower than the optionality evident in younger controls. Three groups of preschool children participated: 37 children with SLI, and two control groups, one of 40 MLU-equivalent children and another of 45 age-equivalent children. Three kinds of evidence support the conclusion that a set of morphemes that marks Tense can be considered a clinical marker: (a) low levels of accuracy for the target morphemes for the SLI group relative to either of the two control groups; (b) affectedness for the set of morphemes defined by the linguistic function of Tense, but not for morphemes unrelated to Tense; and (c) a bimodal distribution for Tense-marking morphemes relative to age peers, in which the typical children are at essentially adult levels of the grammar, whereas children in the SLI group were at low (i.e., non-adultlike) levels of performance. The clinical symptoms are evident in omissions of surface forms. Errors of subject-verb agreement and syntactic misuses are rare, showing that, as predicted, children in an EOI stage who are likely to mark Tense optionally at the same time know a great deal about the grammatical properties of finiteness and agreement in the adult grammar. The findings are discussed in terms of alternative accounts of the grammatical limitations of children with SLI and implications for clinical identification.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1239-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1044/jshr.3906.1239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19923561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 919

Tactile perception of spatial stimuli on the lip surface by young and older adults. 年轻人和老年人对唇表面空间刺激的触觉感知。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1191

A B Wohlert

{"title":"Tactile perception of spatial stimuli on the lip surface by young and older adults.","authors":"A B Wohlert","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1191","url":null,"abstract":"Although older adults are subject to both subtle changes and major disorders of the oral sensorimotor system, relatively little is known about oral sensory function in old age. Accurate assessment of oral tactile perception is needed to document disability, aid prognosis, and plan treatment for older adults with disorders affecting speech or feeding. However, normative information currently available for older adults is mainly based on two-point discrimination, a problematic measure of tactile spatial resolution. Grating orientation discrimination, a technique developed to provide a clear and reliable measure of spatial resolution, was used to test sensitivity of the upper and lower lip vermillion, on right and left sides, in a sample of 40 young adults and 40 adults age 66-85. Results indicated that spatial acuity at the lip vermilion declines significantly in old age and that women tend to have better acuity than men. No significant differences were found in acuity between the upper and lower lips or between right and left sides for either age group. Peripheral changes in receptor density and lip tissue composition are suggested as likely causes for the age-related decline.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1191-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1044/jshr.3906.1191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19921631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 56

Consonant confusions in amplitude-expanded speech. 扩音语音中的辅音混淆。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1124

R L Freyman, G P Nerbonne

{"title":"Consonant confusions in amplitude-expanded speech.","authors":"R L Freyman, G P Nerbonne","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1124","url":null,"abstract":"The perceptual consequences of expanding the amplitude variations in speech were studied under conditions in which spectral information was obscured by signal correlated noise that had an envelope correlated with the speech envelope, but had a flat amplitude spectrum. The noise samples, created individually from 22 vowel-consonant-vowel nonsense words, were used as maskers of those words, with signal-to-noise ratios ranging from -15 to 0 dB. Amplitude expansion was by a factor of 3.0 in terms of decibels. In the first experiment, presentation level for speech peaks was 80 dB SPL. Consonant recognition performance for expanded speech by 50 listeners with normal hearing was as much as 30 percentage points poorer than for unexpanded speech and the types of errors were dramatically different, especially in the midrange of S-N ratios. In a second experiment presentation level was varied to determine whether reductions in consonant levels produced by expansion were responsible for the differences between conditions. Recognition performance for unexpanded speech at 40 dB SPL was nearly equivalent to that for expanded speech at 80 dB SPL. The error patterns obtained in these two conditions were different, suggesting that the differences between conditions in Experiment 1 were due largely to expanded amplitude envelopes rather than differences in audibility.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1124-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1044/jshr.3906.1124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19922452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Sample size effects on temporal reliability of language sample measures of preschool children. 样本大小对学龄前儿童语言样本测量时间信度的影响。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1258

W J Gavin, L Giles

{"title":"Sample size effects on temporal reliability of language sample measures of preschool children.","authors":"W J Gavin, L Giles","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1258","url":null,"abstract":"The present study examined the temporal reliability of four quantitative measurements of operationally defined linguistic behaviors observed in a naturalistic setting. The measures of language production were computed using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT) software from two 20-minute language samples obtained 3 to 14 days apart for each of 20 preschool-aged children. Samples were edited to different sizes based either on duration (12 or 20 minutes) or on limits of the total number of complete and intelligible utterances (from 25 to 175 in increments of 25). Inadequate reliability was found for the language sample measure, total number of words; hence, the validity of this measure is questionable. In contrast, very high temporal reliability coefficients (r > .92) were obtained for the language sample measures of number of different words, mean length of utterance in morphemes, and mean sentence length in morphemes when derived from a large number (> or = 175) of complete and intelligible utterances. The temporal reliability of these measures reached acceptable levels, not only for research purposes, but for diagnostic purposes as well.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1258-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1044/jshr.3906.1258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19923562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 94

Aerodynamic and temporal aspects of velopharyngeal function in normal speakers. 正常说话者腭咽功能的气动和时间方面。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1199

D J Zajac, R Mayo

{"title":"Aerodynamic and temporal aspects of velopharyngeal function in normal speakers.","authors":"D J Zajac, R Mayo","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1199","url":null,"abstract":"Aerodynamic and temporal characteristics of velopharyngeal function were determined for 42 adult male and female speakers. All subjects produced the word \"hamper\" at self-determined loudness levels and rates of speaking. Measurements of intraoral air pressure, nasal airflow, and estimates of velopharyngeal orifice size were obtained during production of the /m/ and /p/ segments. Volume measurements of nasal airflow were determined for the entire word, the /m/ segment, and the segments preceding /m/. Fifteen timing measures associated with the pressure-flow events of the nasal-plosive sequence were also determined. Results indicated that males generated significantly higher levels of peak intraoral air pressure than females during /p/. Male speakers also exhibited a significantly shorter interval in the rise of oral pressure associated with the /p/ segment. Male and female speakers, however, exhibited similar levels of anticipatory coarticulation as reflected by nasal air volume measurements. Finally, variability of selected measurements within speakers suggested that temporal aspects of velopharyngeal function were more constrained than aerodynamic aspects. The results are discussed relative to (a) sex differences in respiratory and velar function and (b) normative data for adult speakers.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1199-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1044/jshr.3906.1199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19921632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 59

Functional-lesion investigation of developmental stuttering with positron emission tomography. 发展性口吃功能损害的正电子发射断层研究。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1208

R J Ingham, P T Fox, J C Ingham, F Zamarripa, C Martin, P Jerabek, J Cotton

{"title":"Functional-lesion investigation of developmental stuttering with positron emission tomography.","authors":"R J Ingham, P T Fox, J C Ingham, F Zamarripa, C Martin, P Jerabek, J Cotton","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1208","url":null,"abstract":"Positron emission tomographic (PET) H2(15)O measurements of resting-state regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) were obtained in 29 right-handed men, 10 of whom stuttered and 19 of whom did not. PET images were analyzed by sampling 74 regions of interest (ROIs), 37 per hemisphere. ROI placement was guided both physiologically and anatomically. Physiological ROI placement was based on speech motor activations. Anatomical ROIs were positioned by reference to a stereotactic, neurosurgical atlas with positions confirmed and finely adjusted by co-registered magnetic-resonance images (MRIs). For all subjects, PET and MR images were normal to visual inspection. Highly significant (p < 0.0001) between-region and between-hemisphere effects were found for both groups, as have been previously reported for normal subjects, but no significant between-group differences were found for any regional CBF values. Analysis by a laterality index found a weakly significant between-groups effect (p = 0.04) that was isolated to five regions, four of which are implicated in speech or hearing. However, these regional laterality effects showed no consistent directionality, nor did these regions have absolute differences in regional blood flow between groups. Present findings do not support recent suggestions that developmental stuttering is associated with abnormalities of brain blood flow at rest. Rather, our findings indicate an essentially normal functional brain terrain with a small number of minor differences in hemispheric symmetry.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1208-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1044/jshr.3906.1208","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19921633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 59

Microphone sensitivity as a source of variation in nasalance scores. 麦克风灵敏度作为鼻音平衡分数变化的来源。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1228

D J Zajac, R Lutz, R Mayo

{"title":"Microphone sensitivity as a source of variation in nasalance scores.","authors":"D J Zajac, R Lutz, R Mayo","doi":"10.1044/jshr.3906.1228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1228","url":null,"abstract":"A two-part study was conducted to determine the sources of variation in nasalance scores derived from the Nasometer. In Study #1, a function generator was used as a signal source to calibrate and input sine and square waves directly into the Nasometer. Ten stimuli ranging from 105 to 330 Hz in 25 Hz increments were evaluated. In Study #2, the same signal source and an amplified loudspeaker were used to calibrate and present square waves to the nasometer via five different sets of microphones. The sound pressure level of all stimuli was maintained at 88 dB. Each microphone set was calibrated using the 105 Hz signals. Results from Study #1 indicated consistent nasalance scores across all frequencies (i.e., all scores were within 2% of calibration). Results from Study #2 demonstrated deviations greater than 2% from calibration as a function of frequency for all five sets of microphones. The smallest deviation was 5%, whereas the largest deviation was 14%. We suggest that the variation in nasalance as a function of stimulus frequency may be due to a mismatch in the sensitivity of microphones (i.e., different frequency response characteristics). It is further suggested (a) that individual investigators determine the response characteristics of their microphones and (b) that relatively small variations in nasalance scores (i.e., 5-14%) either within or across speakers be interpreted with caution.","PeriodicalId":76022,"journal":{"name":"Journal of speech and hearing research","volume":"39 6","pages":"1228-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19921634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 36

Auditory lexical decisions of children with specific language impairment. 特殊语言障碍儿童的听觉词汇决策。

Journal of speech and hearing research Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3906.1263

J Edwards, M Lahey

引用次数: 98