Agronomy最新文献

{"title":"N-Acetylcysteine Mitigates Oxidative Stress Induced by Transplanting Lettuce Seedlings into a DFT Hydroponic System","authors":"Masaru Sakamoto, Takahiro Suzuki","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092112","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can impede plant growth under various environmental stresses. While waterlogging is a well-known inducer of oxidative stress, the effects of oxidative stress on plant roots grown using the deep flow technique (DFT) hydroponic system remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) enhances the growth of lettuce seedlings transplanted into a DFT system. NAC application significantly improved both shoot and root growth, with the most pronounced effects observed at a concentration of 0.3 mM. Moreover, NAC mitigated the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in roots following transplantation. It also reduced a temporary increase in lipid peroxidation and total phenolic content in both roots and shoots. These results suggest that NAC functions as an antioxidant, alleviating oxidative stress by scavenging hydrogen peroxide in the roots. Importantly, NAC’s protective effects may extend to other hydroponically grown crops, offering broader potential for reducing oxidative stress across various cultivation systems.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses of Water and Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency and Yield of Cotton to Foliar Biostimulant under Irrigation with Magnetic–Electric-Activated Water","authors":"Yan Sun, Chen Zhou, Chunhong Wang, Quanjiu Wang, Yun Liu, Jian Wang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092117","url":null,"abstract":"The foliar application of biostimulants at specific concentrations under magnetic–electric water irrigation has a positive effect on water and fertilizer use efficiency and yield of cotton, which is crucial for green and sustainable agricultural development. As a new type of fertilizer, biostimulants have demonstrated remarkable effects in improving crop yield and quality by enhancing nutrient uptake, promoting plant growth, and increasing resilience to environmental stress. In this study, the effects of magnetic–electric-activated water irrigation and foliar biostimulant application on cotton growth and yield were investigated, with the aim of understanding the underlying mechanisms. The field experiment included various irrigation treatments (brackish water, fresh water, magnetic–electric brackish water, and magnetic–electric fresh water) and biostimulant concentrations (1600, 1200, 800, 400 times dilution, and no spraying). SEM analysis indicated that under magnetoelectric water irrigation, the foliar application of biostimulants enhances physiological growth of cotton, improving the water and nutrient uptake efficiency, and thereby increasing yield. Specifically, the effective boll number and single boll weight under magnetic–electric fresh water irrigation with an 800 times biostimulant concentration increased by 21.84–48.78% and 5.50–18.91%, respectively, compared to the no-spraying treatment. The seed cotton yield rose by 16.61–38.63%, water-use efficiency improved by 24.35%, the harvest index reached 0.33, and nitrogen absorption increased by 76.21%. Thus, integrating magnetic–electric water irrigation with foliar biostimulants offers a theoretical and technical foundation for advancing green, high-quality agriculture and sustainable production.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity Profile to Pyraclostrobin and Fludioxonil of Alternaria alternata from Citrus in Italy","authors":"Giuseppa Rosaria Leonardi, Greta La Quatra, Giorgio Gusella, Dalia Aiello, Alessandro Vitale, Boris Xavier Camiletti, Giancarlo Polizzi","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092116","url":null,"abstract":"Alternaria brown spot (ABS), caused by Alternaria alternata, is one of the main citrus diseases that causes heavy production losses and reductions in fruit quality worldwide. The application of chemical fungicides has a key role in the management of ABS. In this study, 48 isolates of A. alternata collected from citrus orchards since 2014 were tested in vitro for their sensitivity to pyraclostrobin and fludioxonil, the latter being temporarily registered in Italy since 2020. Pyraclostrobin sensitivity was determined using spore germination and mycelial growth assays. The effective concentration inhibiting 50% of fungal growth (EC50) was determined for each isolate. The sensitivity assays showed that the majority of A. alternata isolates tested were sensitive to pyraclostrobin. EC50 values of fludioxonil in a mycelial growth assay indicated that 100% of isolates were sensitive to this fungicide. The analysis of the cytochrome b gene showed that none of the 40 isolates with a different sensitivity profile had the G143A mutation, and the subgroup of 8 isolates analyzed by real-time PCR did not carry the G137R and F129L mutations. A subset of four more sensitive and two reduced-sensitive isolates was chosen to assess sensitivity on detached citrus leaves treated with pyraclostrobin at the maximum recommended label rate. Disease incidence and symptom severity were significantly reduced, with a small reduction reported in leaves inoculated with the reduced-sensitive isolates. Furthermore, there was no correlation between sensitivity and fitness parameters evaluated in vitro (mycelium growth and sporulation rate). These findings help the development of monitoring resistance programs and, consequently, set up effective anti-resistance strategies for managing ABS on citrus orchards.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agroecological Assessment of Arable Lands in the Leningrad Region of Russia under the Influence of Climate Change","authors":"Ekaterina Yu. Chebykina, Evgeny V. Abakumov","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092113","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an analysis of the influence of climatic characteristics on the rating of land suitability for agricultural use. Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in land productivity and crop capacity; it is a complex value that depends not only on agrophysical and agrochemical soil properties but also on other natural factors, such as climate. There are different methodical approaches for a quantitative assessment of fertility level. The objectives of the research were to understand whether the distributions of active temperature sums and annual precipitation sums have a significant effect on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the rating assessment of land suitability for agricultural use in the example of the Leningrad region. The estimation and comparison between Semenov–Blagovidov’s method of quality land estimation and Karmanov’s method of appraisal of soils are given in this article. Karmanov’s method is highlighted in this paper for its ability to assess soil’s ecological indices more effectively than traditional methods. The research suggested that climate change may lead to increased variability in soil quality, with potential benefits for agriculture under certain climate scenarios, but at the same time, excessive temperatures in summer and precipitations might become a limiting factor, pushing down yields. The results of such assessment show that the performed calculation models can be used to forecast crop yields for future periods.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Evaluation of Urea Fertilizers Enhanced by Biological Inhibitors or Dual Coating","authors":"Ben E. Brace, Maxim J. Schlossberg","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092118","url":null,"abstract":"Relative to soluble N sources, enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) support steady turfgrass growth and dense canopy quality while abating N loss as nitrate, ammonia, and/or N2O from turfgrass systems. Modern EEFs provide turfgrass managers greater operational effect and versatility in their nutrient management efforts and compel field characterization of their temporal response. Likewise, field confirmation of commercial EEF nutrient recovery helps stakeholders select the appropriate EEF for their specific application. Our research objective was to quantify the temporal response of Kentucky bluegrass growth/yield, canopy density and color, and fertilizer N recovery to a practical application of conventional urea or an enhanced-efficiency granular fertilizer. In May 2014 and June 2018, Kentucky bluegrass plots were fertilized by granules of conventional urea, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)-, and dicyandiamide (DCD)-stabilized urea, or polymer-/sulfur-coated urea (PSCU) at a N rate of 43.9 kg ha−1 (0.9 lbs/1000 sq. ft.). The dependent variable response over the two growing seasons was highly affected by efficiency enhancement. Following the repeated 16.5-week evaluations, the mean percent of fertilizer N recovered from conventional urea, stabilized urea, and PSCU totaled 57.5, 68.4, and 89.1%, respectively. In the 23 to 51 days from treatment (DFT), recovery of PSCU-N significantly exceeded that from conventional or stabilized urea.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Irrigation and Fertilization Enhanced Tomato Yield and Water and Nitrogen Productivities by Increasing Rhizosphere Microbial Nitrogen Fixation","authors":"Hongfei Niu, Tieliang Wang, Yongjiang Dai, Mingze Yao, Bo Li, Jiaqi Zheng, Lizhen Mao, Mingyu Zhao, Zhanyang Xu, Feng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092111","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation and nitrogen application rates have significant effects on greenhouse tomato yields, as well as water and nitrogen use efficiencies, but little is known regarding how these rates affect plant–microbiome interactions and how the associated changes might impact tomato yields. In this greenhouse study conducted over two years, the effects of three irrigation levels (moderate deficit with 65–75% water holding capacity threshold, slight deficit with 75–85%, and sufficient irrigation with 85–95%) and four nitrogen application levels (60, 120, 240, and 360 kg ha−1) on tomato growth, yield, water and nitrogen productivities, and rhizosphere microbial diversities and functions were investigated. The results demonstrated that the highest tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities were obtained under the treatment with sufficient irrigation. With increasing nitrogen application, the tomato leaf area, dry biomass, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Overall, the treatment (N2W3) with sufficient irrigation and 240 kg ha−1 N was associated with the highest tomato growth, yield, and water and nitrogen productivities. Moreover, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application obviously altered the structures of rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, particularly recruiting microbiota conferring benefits to tomato growth and nitrogen fixation—namely, Lysobacter and Bradyrhizobium. Ultimately, optimal irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased the relative abundances of functions related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism, especially nitrogen fixation. In summary, optimal irrigation and fertilization enhanced tomato yield, as well as water and nitrogen productivities by increasing the nitrogen fixation functions of the rhizosphere microbiome. Our results provide significant implications for tomato cultivation in greenhouses, in terms of optimized irrigation and fertilization.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"4668 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Irrigation on Soil Water Balance and Salinity at the Boundaries of Cropland, Wasteland and Fishponds under a Cropland–Wasteland–Fishpond System","authors":"Cuicui Yu, Haibin Shi, Qingfeng Miao, José Manuel Gonçalves, Xu Dou, Zhiyuan Hu, Cong Hou, Yi Zhao, Hua Zhang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092110","url":null,"abstract":"In order to explore the effect of fishponds on soil water, salt transport and salinization in cropland wasteland, a study on soil water balance and salt distribution pattern in a cropland–wasteland–fishpond system was carried out in 2022–2023 in a typical study area selected from the Yichang Irrigation Area of the Hetao Irrigation District. A water balance model was established for the cropland–wasteland–fishpond system to analyze the effects of irrigation on soil salinity at the boundaries of the cropland, wasteland, and fishpond. The results showed that the lateral recharge from the cropland to the wasteland during spring irrigation in 2022 was 24 mm, the lateral recharge generated by fishponds to wasteland was 18 mm, and the lateral recharge from fishponds to fishpond boundaries was 34 mm. In the fertility period of 2023, the lateral recharge from cropland to wasteland was 15 mm, the lateral recharge from fishponds to wasteland was 9 mm, and the lateral recharge from fishponds to fishpond boundaries was 21 mm. Due to the low salinity content of fishpond water, it diluted the groundwater of the wasteland, and the soil salinity at the boundary between the wasteland and the fishpond was monitored. The data show that the soil salinity at the boundary of the fishpond was smaller than that of the wasteland, which indicates that the migration of fishpond water to the wasteland will not lead to an increase in the soil salinity of the wasteland, but rather to a decrease in the soil salinity of the wasteland. Fishpond regulation has a significant impact on soil and groundwater, and when the topographic conditions of the Hetao irrigation area allow, the model of cropland–wasteland–fishpond can be appropriately adopted to solve land degradation and increase the economic income of farmers; the results of the study provide a contribution for the improvement of the management of land use and soil salinization in the Hetao irrigation area.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of Microbial Consortium to Enhance Cellulose Degradation in Corn Straw during Composting","authors":"Jie Li, Juan Li, Ruopeng Yang, Ping Yang, Hongbo Fu, Yongchao Yang, Chaowei Liu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092107","url":null,"abstract":"The improper treatment of crop straw not only leads to resource wastage but also adversely impacts the ecological environment. However, the application of microorganisms can accelerate the decomposition of crop straw and improve its utilization. In this study, cellulose-degrading microbial strains were isolated from naturally decayed corn straw and screened using Congo red staining, along with assessing variations in carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity, filter paper enzyme (FPase) activity and β-glucosidase (β-Gase) activity, as well as the degradation rate. The eight strains, namely Neurospora intermedia isolate 29 (A1), Streptomyces isolate FFJC33 (A2), Gibberella moniliformis isolate FKCB-009 (A3), Fusarium fujikuroi isolate EFS3(2) (A4), Fusarium Fujikuroi isolate FZ04 (A5), Lysine bacillus macroides strain LNHL43 (B1), Bacillus subtilis strain MPF30 (B2) and Paenibacilli lautus strain ALEB-P1 (C), were identified and selected for microbial strain consortium design based on their high activities of CMCase, FPase and β-Gase. The fungi, bacteria and actinomycete strains were combined without antagonistic effects on corn straw decomposition. The results showed the A2B2 combination had a significantly higher FPase at 55.44 U/mL and β-Gase at 25.73 U/mL than the other two strain combinations (p < 0.05). Additionally, the degradation rate of this combination was 40.33%, which was considerably higher than that of the other strains/consortia. The strain combination A4B2C also had superior enzyme activity, including CMCase with a value of 35.03 U/mL, FPase with a value of 63.59 U/mL and β-Gase with a value of 26.15 U/mL, which were significantly different to those of the other three strain combinations (p < 0.05). Furthermore, seven single microbial strains with high cellulase activities were selected to construct various microbial consortiums for in situ composting in order to evaluate their potential. Taken as a whole, the results of composting, including temperature, moisture content, pH, E4/E6 value and seed germination index, indicated that the microbial strain consortium consisting of Neurospora intermediate isolate 29, Fusarium fujikuroi isolate EFS3(2), Fusarium fujikuroi isolate FZ04, Lysinibacillus macrolides, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus lautus was advantageous for corn straw decomposition and yielded high-quality compost. The screened flora was able to effectively degrade corn straw. This study provides a novel solution for the construction of a microbial consortium for the composting of corn straw.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Harvest Alternatives in Banana Cultivation","authors":"Maritza D. Ruiz Medina, Jenny Ruales","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092109","url":null,"abstract":"Banana, also known as plátano in some places, is a fruit consumed and appreciated around the world. Its scientific name is Musa paradisiaca, belonging to the Musaceae family. It is native to Southeast Asia and is currently grown in 130 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. This fruit is harvested throughout the year; 75% is generated mainly in India, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and China. Post-harvest technology enables efficient processing, storage, transportation, and distribution while preserving the quality and safety of the fruit to reduce economic losses. Currently, challenges are being investigated for post-harvest treatments to minimize the environmental impact, reduce polluting emissions, and the requirement for less energy consumption. The most-used options for bananas are de-greening, atmospheric modification, coatings, and frigoconservation, which are important for achieving safe, healthy, and high-quality food in the XXI century. This review details the post-harvest mechanical damage, handling of environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity), control of gases involved in storage and transport, wax treatment, coatings, the use of antifungal compounds, and packaging necessary for the export of the fruit.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myrosin Cells and Myrosinase Expression Pattern in Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.)","authors":"Ivana Restović, Nives Kević, Laura Kurić, Ivana Bočina, Elma Vuko, Ivana Vrca","doi":"10.3390/agronomy14092108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092108","url":null,"abstract":"Plants from the Brassicales order are known for the presence of a glucosinolate–myrosinase link, which is an important protection strategy against multiple stressors. The main goal of this study was to investigate the presence of the myrosinase enzyme and reveal the myrosin cell ultrastructure in the vegetative organs of nasturtium. The presence, localisation and expression of the enzyme myrosinase type 1 (TGG1) at different developmental stages of Tropaeolum majus L. (nasturtium) were investigated using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques. The expression of myrosinase was detected in the vegetative organs of T. majus. During plant development, within four consecutive weeks, a decrease in myrosinase expression was noticed in all studied plant organs. The location of greater myrosinase accumulation and activity is shown to be the root, contrary to the nasturtium stem and leaf, where we found the lowest myrosinase expression. Transmission electron microscopy was used to reveal the ultrastructural features of the myrosin cells of nasturtium. Myrosin cells are usually scattered between parenchyma cells and S-cells. Mostly, they are rectangular or slightly elongated in shape and can be recognised by an electron-dense large central vacuole and an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum. The results of this study provide new data on myrosin cell morphology and the expression pattern of myrosinase in T. majus.","PeriodicalId":7601,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}