CRC critical reviews in biochemistry最新文献_第3页

Structure and function of E. coli promoter DNA. 大肠杆菌启动子DNA的结构与功能。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238709101483

A A Travers

引用次数: 53

Enzyme-catalyzed detoxication reactions: mechanisms and stereochemistry. 酶催化解毒反应:机制和立体化学。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238709082547

R N Armstrong

引用次数: 102

Mechanism of transport and storage of neurotransmitters. 神经递质运输和储存的机制。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1987-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238709082546

B I Kanner, S Schuldiner

{"title":"Mechanism of transport and storage of neurotransmitters.","authors":"B I Kanner, S Schuldiner","doi":"10.3109/10409238709082546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238709082546","url":null,"abstract":"This review will focus on the bioenergetics, mechanism, and molecular basis of neurotransmitter transport. As indicated in the next section, these processes play an important role in the overall process of synaptic transmission. During the last few years, direct evidence has been obtained that these processes are coupled chemiosmotically, i.e., the accumulation of neurotransmitters is driven by ion gradients. Two types of neurotransmitter transport systems have been identified: sodium-coupled systems located in the synaptic plasma membrane of nerves (and sometimes in the plasma membrane of glial cells) and proton-coupled systems which are part of the membrane of intracellular storage organelles. From a bioenergetic point of view, the sodium-coupled systems are especially interesting, since it has recently been discovered that many systems require other ions in addition to sodium. It has now been demonstrated in several cases that, besides sodium ions, these additional ions, such as chloride and potassium, serve as additional coupling ions. These systems will be reviewed here in considerable detail with emphasis on the role of the additional ions. In the second part of the review we shall focus on neurotransmitter transport into storage organelles. Although both sodium and proton coupled systems have been reviewed in the past, there has been a shift from a kinetic and thermodynamic to a biochemical approach. In fact, a few transporters have been identified and functionally reconstituted. These developments have of course been incorporated in this review.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238709082546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14024899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 410

Control of cellular and viral transcription during adenovirus infection. 腺病毒感染期间细胞和病毒转录的控制。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609082543

J R Nevins

{"title":"Control of cellular and viral transcription during adenovirus infection.","authors":"J R Nevins","doi":"10.3109/10409238609082543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238609082543","url":null,"abstract":"The control of transcription initiation is an issue central to the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression, and as such, the elucidation of the mechanisms of control of initiation frequency is critical. The study of adenovirus transcription control has provided insights into these mechanisms. Transcription of the early viral genes is activated by the product of the viral E1A gene. Possibly of greater importance is the fact that this activation does not appear to be \"viral specific\". Rather, the E1A protein effects a general activation of transcription in the cell, resulting in the stimulation of transcription of at least one cellular gene in addition to the viral genes. Furthermore, there appears to be a cellular activity that functions in a manner analogous to E1A. Recent experiments also suggest a role for E1A in negative regulation of transcription, mediated through enhancer elements, that may be one aspect of gene control during cellular differentiation. Therefore, the study of E1A action may well contribute to an understanding of cellular transcription control. Finally, other mechanisms of transcription control in adenovirus infected cells such as genome replication-dependent gene activation and transcription termination control will likely contribute to the overall understanding of the control of mammalian cell gene expression.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"19 4","pages":"307-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238609082543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14143124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

The general control of amino acid biosynthetic genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 酵母氨基酸生物合成基因的一般调控。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609113614

A G Hinnebusch

引用次数: 109

Proteolytic processing and compartmentalization of the primary translation products of mammalian apolipoprotein mRNAs. 哺乳动物载脂蛋白mrna主要翻译产物的蛋白水解加工和区隔化。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609115900

J I Gordon, H F Sims, A W Strauss, A M Scanu, C Edelstein, R E Byrne

{"title":"Proteolytic processing and compartmentalization of the primary translation products of mammalian apolipoprotein mRNAs.","authors":"J I Gordon, H F Sims, A W Strauss, A M Scanu, C Edelstein, R E Byrne","doi":"10.3109/10409238609115900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238609115900","url":null,"abstract":"The steps involved in the initial assembly of apolipoproteins and lipids into supramolecular arrays (nascent lipoprotein particles) are largely unknown. Examination of the proteolytic processing and compartmentalization of the primary translation products of apolipoprotein mRNAs represents one approach to deciphering the molecular details of lipoprotein assembly. The structures of the primary translation products of seven mammalian apolipoprotein mRNAs has been determined in the past several years. The organization of apolipoprotein signal peptides is typical of eukaryotic prepeptides, although an unusual degree of sequence conservation is present among the signal segments of apo AI, AIV, and E. For those apolipoprotein sequences studied in detail, SRP-dependent cotranslational translocation and proteolytic processing appears to be highly efficient and results in sequestration of the processed protein within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However the mechanism by which these lipid-binding proteins avoid arrest during their translocation through the lipid bilayer of the ER membrane remains obscure. The two principal human HDL apolipoproteins undergo novel extracellular post-translational proteolytic processing, which results in removal of nonhomologous propeptides. The proteases responsible for proapo AI and AII processing appear to be different. The processing of these proapolipoproteins provides a potential series of steps for regulating the ordered assembly of HDL constituents.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"37-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238609115900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14636361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

The interferon receptors. 干扰素受体。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609113613

M Rubinstein, P Orchansky

引用次数: 34

Golgi and secreted galactosyltransferase. 高尔基和分泌半乳糖转移酶。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609113610

G J Strous

{"title":"Golgi and secreted galactosyltransferase.","authors":"G J Strous","doi":"10.3109/10409238609113610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238609113610","url":null,"abstract":"Galactosyltransferase (GT) belongs to the glycosyltransferases. In several tissues and cell lines, the enzyme is localized by immunocytochemistry to the two to three trans cisternae of the Golgi complex and may thus be considered a specific membrane component of this type of endomembrane. As a consequence, it is the most common Golgi \"marker\" enzyme in cell fractionation studies. Study of its biosynthesis, membrane orientation, and turnover in several tissues and cultured cell lines has broadened our knowledge about Golgi function itself. The enzyme is oriented towards the lumen of the cisternal space. In this orientation, it catalyzes the transfer of galactose to glycoprotein-bound acetylglucosamine and, in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin, to glucose, as shown in the Golgi complex of mammary gland epithelial cells. The enzymatic properties of GT are well known. The metabolism of GT has been extensively studied in HeLa and human hepatoma cells. The enzyme is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and provided with one N-linked oligosaccharide and palmitate residues. In the Golgi complex, terminal sugars are attached to the N-linked oligosaccharide and extensive O-glycosylation takes place. The half-life of the enzyme is about 20 hr, after which a soluble form appears in the culture medium. Release of GT into the medium is observed in all cell lines studied. This phenomenon is in accordance with the presence of soluble GT in body fluids such as serum, ascites, milk, and saliva. In patients suffering from ovarian and breast cancer, increased levels of GT enzyme activity have been reported. Whether extracellular GT is of biological significance is still a point of discussion.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"21 2","pages":"119-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238609113610","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14224171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 84

Control of cell growth and division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 酿酒酵母细胞生长和分裂的控制。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609113611

S D Hanes, R Koren, K A Bostian

{"title":"Control of cell growth and division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.","authors":"S D Hanes, R Koren, K A Bostian","doi":"10.3109/10409238609113611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238609113611","url":null,"abstract":"Considerable advances have been made in recent years in our understanding of the biochemistry of protein and nucleic acid synthesis and, particularly, the molecular biology of gene expression in eukaryotes. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to a lesser extent Schizosaccharomyces pombe, has had a preeminent role as a focus for these studies, principally because of the facility with which these organisms can be experimentally manipulated biochemically and genetically. This review will be designed to critically examine and integrate recent advances in several vital areas of regulatory control of enzyme synthesis in yeast: structure and organization of DNA, transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modification, control of translation, post-translational modification and secretion, and cell-cycle modulation. It will attempt to emphasize and illustrate, where detailed information is available, principal underlying molecular mechanisms, and it will attempt to make relevant comparisons of this material to inferred and demonstrated facets of regulatory control of enzyme and protein synthesis in higher eukaryotes.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"21 2","pages":"153-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238609113611","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14653168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Magnetic resonance study of the structure and functions of cytochrome P450. 细胞色素P450结构与功能的磁共振研究。

CRC critical reviews in biochemistry Pub Date : 1986-01-01 DOI: 10.3109/10409238609083734

L M Weiner

{"title":"Magnetic resonance study of the structure and functions of cytochrome P450.","authors":"L M Weiner","doi":"10.3109/10409238609083734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10409238609083734","url":null,"abstract":"Cytochrome P450 is a membrane-bound enzyme providing oxidation of numerous organic compounds in organisms. The objective of this review is to show the wide possibilities that are provided by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques to the study of the structure and functions of this unique enzyme. High sensitivity of ESR spectra of cytochrome P450 to its functional state and interaction with substrates and inhibitors is illustrated. NMR and proton relaxation make it possible to obtain unique information about the structure of the active center of cytochrome P450 under physiological conditions. ESR and NMR methods allow one to obtain structural data on location of substrates, inhibitors, and their spin-labeled analogs with respect to Fe3+ ions in the enzyme-active center. Of special interest seems to be coupling of ESR with the affinity modification method. For this purpose, the spin-labeled analogs of cytochrome P450 substrates containing alkylating groups were used. As a result, an important datum has been obtained on the structure of active centers of cytochrome P450 in microsomes and in a highly purified state. In conclusion, the problems of the structure and functions of cytochrome P450, which can be most efficiently resolved with the use of magnetic resonance methods, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":75744,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in biochemistry","volume":"20 2","pages":"139-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10409238609083734","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14144309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 25