Canadian journal of psychology最新文献

{"title":"The object-line effect: is it attributable to intercontext differences or the structural properties of contexts and task demands?","authors":"B Earhard","doi":"10.1037/h0084257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Briefly presented target lines are reported more accurately when part of an object-like context than alone (Williams & Weisstein, 1978). Efforts to explain this effect have tended to focus on structural properties that contexts must possess in order to be effective in facilitating target-line discrimination (e.g., Weisstein, Williams, & Harris, 1982). Enns and Prinzmetal (1984) take issue with this approach. They propose that contexts differ more from one another than do target lines presented alone, and it is this fact, and not the general structural properties of contexts, that underlies their effectiveness. Two experiments examined intercontext differences and structural factors as determinants of context effectiveness. Subjects were found to use intercontext differences to narrow the range of possible alternatives, but when this factor was controlled, structural properties determined context effectiveness. The structural interpretation of context effectiveness was found not be as straightforward as generally assumed, however. A third experiment showed context effectiveness to be affected by the character of the discrimination task employed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 3","pages":"384-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13376418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive latency effects of selective and nonselective restricted priming types.","authors":"E Buckolz,&nbsp;C Alain,&nbsp;C Sarrazin","doi":"10.1037/h0084256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this investigation was to examine further the contention of Alain et al. (1988) that a third priming type exists, called nonselective restricted (NSR) and controlled by response probability, which is distinct from those types influenced by foreperiod duration (nonselective general priming) and prediction probability (selective priming). In a four-choice reaction time (RT) task, prediction probability (.5, .7, & .9, indicating the likelihood of a particular response) and response probability (.5, .9, denoting the likelihood that a response would be needed at all) exerted significant but noninteractive effects on RTs for prepared responses (most probable), suggesting that each of these probabilities influence different priming types (Sternberg, 1969; selective and NSR, respectively). This was further indicated by the fact that prediction probability, but not response probability, significantly altered RTs for the unprepared (lesser probable) responses. Finally, the hypothesized nonselective character of NSR priming (i.e., all outputs controlled by response probability are equally affected by its value changes) was supported when responses were equiprobable, and, while the null effect of response probability just mentioned seemingly argued against this property when selective priming took place, the interpretation provided herein negated this opposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 3","pages":"330-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13377968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescuing neurons from trans-synaptic degeneration after brain damage: helpful, harmful, or neutral in recovery of function?","authors":"T Schallert,&nbsp;M D Lindner","doi":"10.1037/h0084244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Certain instances of neuronal degeneration secondary to brain damage might be functionally beneficial, and steps taken to protect against such degeneration may adversely affect behavioural outcome. After unilateral damage to the intrinsic neurons of the striatum, which includes GABAergic striatonigral projections, delayed trans-synaptic degeneration occurs in the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). This degeneration was prevented by a 2-week regimen of muscimol delivered intraventricularly via osmotic minipumps. Muscimol is a direct-acting GABA agonist that presumably substituted for the absent GABA at the interface between the degenerating striatonigral GABAergic terminals and the GABAergic receptors located on SNr neurons. Sensorimotor asymmetry tests sensitive to unilateral striatal damage were carried out for 4 weeks to determine the functional consequences of the sparing of SNr neurons. Recovery of function was not improved. Instead, tactile extinction and hemiplegia were exaggerated in the contralateral forelimb. Other impairments were unaffected by the muscimol. The experiment was repeated using diazepam, rather than muscimol, to address the possibility that the disruptive effects of muscimol might reflect a more general disruptive influence on recovery processes. Diazepam, which has been shown in our lab to disrupt recovery of function after cortical lesions and to potentiate lesion-associated atrophy in remote subcortical structures, is an indirect-acting GABAergic agonist that requires GABA for its mechanism of action. Because GABAergic terminals at the SNr were destroyed, diazepam (as expected) failed to prevent SNr degeneration. Although diazepam presumably enhanced GABAergic synaptic activity in other brain regions, diazepam had no significant effect on postoperative behavioural function. Apparently, in the first experiment, the prevention of SNr degeneration per se was instrumental in the detrimental effects of muscimol. The rescued SNr neurons may have contributed to dysfunction because they lacked inhibitory GABAergic control. Transsynaptic degeneration secondary to brain damage was discussed as it might relate to release phenomena and their treatment by surgery or transmitter blocking agents in the clinical literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"276-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084244","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13320720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adrenal medulla graft induced recovery of function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease: possible mechanisms of action.","authors":"J B Becker,&nbsp;E J Curran,&nbsp;W J Freed","doi":"10.1037/h0084239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084239","url":null,"abstract":"Following unilateral dopamine (DA) denervation of the striatum in animals, there is an asymmetry in the striatal DA system. Animals with such denervations will rotate vigorously when given dopaminergic drugs. Adrenal medulla grafts placed in the lateral ventricle adjacent to a DA-denervated striatum decrease rotational behaviour induced by DA receptor agonists or DA-releasing agents. This discussion reviews research on the use of adrenal medulla grafts to reverse behavioural deficits following DA-denervation of the striatum. Results from basic animal research and from the application of the procedure to patients with Parkinson's disease suggests that at least three different fundamental processes may mediate the functional effects of adrenal medulla grafts: (a) Adrenal medulla grafts may induce changes in the blood-brain barrier; (b) adrenal medulla grafts may induce an increase in serum DA; and (c) adrenal medulla grafts may have a trophic effect on the host brain. Hypotheses are proposed to explain the behavioural effects of adrenal medulla grafts in light of the processes that are thought to mediate their effects.","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"293-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13353840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of prefrontal cortex and striatal output systems in short-term memory deficits associated with ageing, basal forebrain lesions, and cholinergic-rich grafts.","authors":"S B Dunnett","doi":"10.1037/h0084240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction suggests (a) that basal forebrain lesions in animals should mimic cognitive and mnemonic impairments of human dementia and (b) that cholinergic grafts in the cortex and hippocampus may alleviate such impairments, whether induced by basal forebrain lesions or due to the intrinsic processes of ageing. Our own studies addressing these issues are reviewed. Although aged rats manifest impairments in short-term memory that are reversed by cholinergic grafts in the cortex and hippocampus, basal forebrain lesions have produced ambiguous results, which in part are attributable to nonspecific effects of the lesions. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and the topography of NBM-cortical connections indicate that basal forebrain lesions that include the NBM in general spare the cholinergic innervation of the prefrontal cortex, but can damage prefrontal cortical outflows via the globus pallidus. Two experiments are presented to indicate that the medial prefrontal cortex and its ventral striatal outputs provide a critical substrate for normal short-term memory performance in delayed matching and nonmatching tasks. These observations can resolve many of the discrepancies in previous lesion and graft studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"210-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13530881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological and psychosocial factors in recovery from brain damage in humans.","authors":"P Bach-y-Rita,&nbsp;E W Bach-y-Rita","doi":"10.1037/h0084247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper we will explore some of the biological and psychosocial factors that appear to be relevant to recovery of function following brain damage, especially in regard to neurorehabilitation programmes. We will also comment on promising areas of research that relate to recovery of function. Our goal is to aid in establishing a conceptual framework for the development of theory- and experiment-based neurorehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"148-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13320717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery from occipital stroke: a self-report and an inquiry into visual processes.","authors":"B Kolb","doi":"10.1037/h0084246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report summarizes the behavioural effects of a right occipital stroke in the author. An upper left quandrantanopia resolved over the first 50 poststroke days to leave a scotoma that included the left upper quadrant of the fovea and extended upwards about 6 degrees and lateral about 15 degrees. There was no further reduction in size over the next 4 years. In the early stages of recovery there was an inability to detect consciously either the presence of objects or their motion, except upon reflection once an object entered the intact visual field. This has been referred to previously as blindsight. On about the fourth day poststroke, part of the scotoma became visually active, producing a scintillating aura, which remains. Shortly thereafter colour perception returned in the scotoma, as did motion detection. Although there was little additional change in the field defect after 2 months, the author's visual abilities have continued to improve, in large part because of a shift in fixation such that information at the centre of the visual field now falls about 1.5 degrees into the lower right portion of the fovea. The implications of the visual and behavioural changes are discussed in the context of multiple visual systems and with respect to recovery of function.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"130-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13530880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Plasticity of the callosal system].","authors":"M. Lassonde, M. Ptito, F. Lepore","doi":"10.1037/H0084289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/H0084289","url":null,"abstract":"A series of experiments examined the potential plasticity of the callosal system in both epileptic patients and in kittens submitted to corpus callosotomy at various ages. The patients were tested for unilateral discrimination and interhemispheric transfer of tactile information. The youngest patient was also required to perform additional inter- and intrahemispheric comparisons of visual and tactile stimuli. The animals were tested for interhemispheric transfer of visual discriminations. The results suggest that in both animals and humans there exists a critical period before which callosal section does not disrupt interhemispheric communication. The results also indicate that the compensatory mechanisms used to achieve interhemispheric transfer in the absence of the corpus callosum may vary according to the sensory modality involved. The possible physiological and/or functional mechanisms responsible for callosal plasticity are discussed.","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"87 1","pages":"166-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81341089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Plasticity of the callosal system].","authors":"M Lassonde,&nbsp;M Ptito,&nbsp;F Lepore","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A series of experiments examined the potential plasticity of the callosal system in both epileptic patients and in kittens submitted to corpus callosotomy at various ages. The patients were tested for unilateral discrimination and interhemispheric transfer of tactile information. The youngest patient was also required to perform additional inter- and intrahemispheric comparisons of visual and tactile stimuli. The animals were tested for interhemispheric transfer of visual discriminations. The results suggest that in both animals and humans there exists a critical period before which callosal section does not disrupt interhemispheric communication. The results also indicate that the compensatory mechanisms used to achieve interhemispheric transfer in the absence of the corpus callosum may vary according to the sensory modality involved. The possible physiological and/or functional mechanisms responsible for callosal plasticity are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"166-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13320718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic analysis of limb movements in neuropsychological research: subtle deficits and recovery of function.","authors":"M A Goodale,&nbsp;A D Milner,&nbsp;L S Jakobson,&nbsp;D P Carey","doi":"10.1037/h0084245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this brief review, we argue that a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of visually guided limb movements can provide important insights into the nature of neuropsychological deficits and the functional organization of the brain. In particular, we will show how kinematic analysis of a simple aiming movement can reveal differences that might not be apparent clinically in the behaviour of patients with unilateral brain lesions. We will argue that the subtle but distinctive deficits that follow damage to the left or right hemisphere can be related to the clinical syndromes of manual apraxia and hemispatial neglect, respectively. The fact that these deficits are apparent only with kinematic analysis demonstrates the potential of these techniques for evaluating recovery of function.</p>","PeriodicalId":75671,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of psychology","volume":"44 2","pages":"180-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0084245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13353838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}