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The circulation in sleep in newborn lambs. 新生羔羊睡眠中的循环。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
A M Walker, R S Horne, G Bowes, P Berger
{"title":"The circulation in sleep in newborn lambs.","authors":"A M Walker,&nbsp;R S Horne,&nbsp;G Bowes,&nbsp;P Berger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interaction of the cardiovascular, homeothermic and behavioural systems has particular significance in early life as this period of development sees high cardiac output, limited circulatory reserves, a particular vulnerability to thermal stress, and long periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during which thermal regulation may be suspended. In unstressed lambs, significant cardiovascular differences exist between behavioural states of sleep and wakefulness, with the REM sleep-state being outstanding. In REM sleep there is wide cardiac output variation, a low heart rate, and a high stroke volume. High levels of cardiac output occurring in combination with poorer oxygenation and respiration in REM may represent a risk to the newborn, as cardiac performance is already high and reserves are low in comparison with the adult. Lambs respond to cool stress with increases of cardiac output and oxygen consumption in wakefulness and quiet sleep, but not in REM sleep. Suspension of thermoregulatory processes in REM sleep also points to this as the more vulnerable state for the newborn. Arousal responses from quiet sleep or REM sleep to wakefulness occur if lambs are subjected to acute reductions of blood pressure. There is a delay before arousal which is longer in REM sleep than in quiet sleep. Animals fail to arouse in approximately 40% of hypotensive tests in both states. This shared feature of the sleep-states (failure to arouse) may be more important than the state-related difference (longer delay before arousal in REM) in understanding a cardiovascular mechanism of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"71-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14661384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sudden infant death syndrome in Tasmania, 1975-81. 1975- 1981年塔斯马尼亚的婴儿猝死综合症。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
N M Newman
{"title":"Sudden infant death syndrome in Tasmania, 1975-81.","authors":"N M Newman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A survey of all infants dying from the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in Tasmania from 1975 to 1981 showed an incidence of 4.4 per 1000 live births; SIDS comprised 68% of infant deaths. The peak incidence of death was at 3 months of age and the following factors were significant: male sex, gestation less than 38 weeks, birthweight less than 2500 g, unmarried mothers, maternal age below 24 years and unskilled fathers. Analysis of these factors in combination showed each to be independently significant. SIDS was more frequent in the southern and western regions of Tasmania, and there was a higher incidence of death in the colder months in infants over 13 weeks of age. The monthly incidence of SIDS was inversely proportional to the monthly mean temperature in Tasmania and directly proportional to monthly hospital admissions for respiratory infections and apnoea. However, admissions for apnoea were more common in infants under 14 weeks of age. From these observations it is suggested that cold and respiratory infections are associated with the onset of SIDS in older infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"17-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14908475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neuropathological observations in the sudden infant death syndrome: a brief survey of the literature. 婴儿猝死综合征的神经病理学观察:文献综述。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
R Kalnins
{"title":"Neuropathological observations in the sudden infant death syndrome: a brief survey of the literature.","authors":"R Kalnins","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuropathological abnormalities are found in the brains of many babies who die from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. At least some of these are likely to be secondary to chronic hypoxia or other systemic or localized insults. The role of these 'secondary' abnormalities and of other findings such as maturational delay in the pathogenesis of the Syndrome remains uncertain.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"7-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14906968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sudden infant death syndrome: epidemiological comparisons between South Australia and communities with a different incidence. 婴儿猝死综合征:南澳大利亚州与不同发病率社区之间的流行病学比较
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
S M Beal
{"title":"Sudden infant death syndrome: epidemiological comparisons between South Australia and communities with a different incidence.","authors":"S M Beal","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comparison of perinatal, environmental and infant care factors in communities with different Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) incidences could reveal ways of reducing SIDS frequency in the higher incidence community. The incidence of SIDS in Sweden is much lower than that in Adelaide. Several factors known to be significant in SIDS are less common in Sweden: teenage mothers, low birthweight and the failure to immunize infants. The most striking difference is the absence of the winter peak in Sweden. In Sweden almost every infant sleeps in a heated environment in winter, whereas in Adelaide most do not. This report discusses ways in which the Adelaide winter peak may be avoided. There is a lower incidence of SIDS in communities that invariably use the supine sleeping position for infants than in those who do not. Abandoning prone sleeping for infants in Adelaide should reduce the incidence of SIDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"13-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14908474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development and testing of scoring systems for predicting infants with high-risk of sudden infant death syndrome in Melbourne. 预测墨尔本婴儿猝死综合征高危人群的评分系统的开发和测试。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
M H Cameron, A L Williams
{"title":"Development and testing of scoring systems for predicting infants with high-risk of sudden infant death syndrome in Melbourne.","authors":"M H Cameron,&nbsp;A L Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiological surveys undertaken in Melbourne during the past 8 years have provided data on which a birth scoring system for infants at high-risk for sudden infant death has been derived. This scoring system was developed after testing scoring systems developed in Sheffield, UK, on Melbourne data and then extending these systems. Prospective trials carried out on a preliminary version of the extended system showed that it is effective in identifying infants at high-risk. The final version of the birth scoring system is capable of identifying a group of future live births which will have a risk of about one in 55 of sudden and unexpected death. The system is also capable of identifying infants with relatively low-risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14908480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nasal obstruction in infancy. 婴儿期鼻塞。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
R Harding
{"title":"Nasal obstruction in infancy.","authors":"R Harding","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is stated frequently that human infants during the first 6-12 postnatal months can breathe only through their noses, except when crying. It has been proposed that there are anatomical reasons for the apparent inability to switch to oral breathing when the nasal airway is occluded, namely the relatively high position of the larynx and base of the tongue and the presence of a velolingual sphincter. Others, however, consider that immaturity of the central nervous system may be responsible. Partial obstruction of the nasal airway triggers reflexes which increase both the strength of subsequent inspiratory efforts and the degree of inspiratory activity in muscles involved in maintaining the patency of the upper airway (e.g., genioglossus and laryngeal abductors). Receptors in the larynx and pharynx which sense pressure reductions have been shown recently to be involved in regulating the activities of these upper airway muscles. When the nasal airway is obstructed to the point where ventilation cannot be maintained (or when it is totally occluded) the appropriate response is to switch to oral breathing. This response to nasal occlusion, usually accompanied by arousal, has been reported recently in some sleeping human infants. Preliminary observations in awake lambs show that total occlusion of the nasal airway leads to a switch to oral breathing only after considerable hypoxaemia has developed. After a few breaths, which restore the blood gas status, the mouth closes until the animal becomes hypoxaemic again. The maturational time-course and mechanisms underlying the infantile response to prolonged nasal obstruction, including the influence of sleep-states, clearly require further investigation, through necessity, in experimental animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"59-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14661382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inhibition of breathing movements in fetal life: relevance to the sudden infant death syndrome. 胎儿生命中呼吸运动的抑制:与婴儿猝死综合征的相关性
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
D W Walker
{"title":"Inhibition of breathing movements in fetal life: relevance to the sudden infant death syndrome.","authors":"D W Walker","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal breathing movements are discontinuous and are inhibited by neural mechanisms associated with the development of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Sudden reduction of arterial PO2 also reduces the incidence of breathing movements in the fetus. Recent work which is directed towards identifying the control pathways and neurotransmitters involved in these effects is discussed. The possibility that breathing may also be inhibited in certain situations after birth is addressed, particularly in relation to the ability of hypoxaemia to produce behavioural arousal in the normal newborn infant, but not in fetal life.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"67-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14229383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pathology of the sudden infant death syndrome in Western Australia: a review of 50 cases. 西澳大利亚州50例婴儿猝死综合征病理分析
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
J M Hilton
{"title":"Pathology of the sudden infant death syndrome in Western Australia: a review of 50 cases.","authors":"J M Hilton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fifty cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have been selected randomly from a group of 511 such cases studied since 1973. In addition, thiamine levels from 12,613 babies screened during the study period are also reviewed in relation to SIDS deaths. Despite exhaustive post-mortem analysis, few indications to causation are apparent. When compared with the control group, a five-fold increase in mean thiamine levels was noted in SIDS victims. However, the interpretation of thiamine screening data requires further detailed investigation. The results of this study suggest the value of adoption of a uniform basic protocol for the examination of SIDS and non-SIDS babies, along with the establishment of a central register of these deaths.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14906965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epidemiological comparisons of sudden infant death syndrome with infant apnoea. 婴儿猝死综合征与婴儿呼吸暂停的流行病学比较。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
N Davis, L Bossung-Sweeney, D R Peterson
{"title":"Epidemiological comparisons of sudden infant death syndrome with infant apnoea.","authors":"N Davis,&nbsp;L Bossung-Sweeney,&nbsp;D R Peterson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A unique opportunity to study proven infant apnoea (PIA) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurrences epidemiologically in 12 Counties in north-western Washington State during the same time period during which 180,017 live births were recorded revealed markedly dissimilar distribution patterns. The overall incidence of SIDS exceeded that of PIA by a factor of 3. Five PIA babies subsequently succumbed to SIDS. Statistical analysis reveals that these five events cannot be explained as random coincidences; they represent 3% of 163 PIA cases but only 1% of 503 SIDS occurrences. Infant apnoea is an infrequent precursor of SIDS. These results do not support the view that SIDS and infant apnoea are related conditions caused by a common underlying disorder. Aetiological models other than infant apnoea must be devised if the momentum of SIDS research is to be sustained.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"29-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14908477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Age at death and risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome. 婴儿猝死综合征的死亡年龄和危险因素。
Australian paediatric journal Pub Date : 1986-01-01
J Goldberg, R Hornung, T Yamashita, W Wehrmacher
{"title":"Age at death and risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome.","authors":"J Goldberg,&nbsp;R Hornung,&nbsp;T Yamashita,&nbsp;W Wehrmacher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The age at death curve of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is considered to be its most unique characteristic. Investigation of SIDS in Cook County, Illinois, for the years 1975-80 indicate that: it is similar to that observed for SIDS in numerous other geographical areas, with low neonatal rates, high rates during the first 2-3 months of life and declining rates thereafter; the age at death for SIDS significantly differs from that of 21 other causes of infant mortality; and the age at death is independent of risk factors such as race, birthweight, urbanization, the month in which prenatal care was initiated, maternal age, legitimacy, gender and seasonality, all of which factors are quantitatively associated with SIDS mortality rates. These observations indicate that the aetiology of SIDS may be multifactorial with the underlying mechanism, which may be associated with normal growth and development, operating primarily in the period of high susceptibility i.e. at 2-4 months of age. Secondary factors, possibly present since birth, operate during this period of high susceptibility. Any suggested underlying aetiology for SIDS must account for the unique age at death pattern.</p>","PeriodicalId":75574,"journal":{"name":"Australian paediatric journal","volume":"22 Suppl 1 ","pages":"21-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14908476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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