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American journal of mental deficiency最新文献

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Theoretical notions of intelligence and mental retardation. 智力和智力迟钝的理论概念。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
D K Detterman
{"title":"Theoretical notions of intelligence and mental retardation.","authors":"D K Detterman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A theory of the cause of mental retardation that views human intelligence as a set of independent abilities organized in a complex system was presented. Mental retardation is conceived as a deficit in a few of the independent abilities having high centrality (i.e., processes most important in system functioning). Abilities affected and severity of impairment vary across individuals. Besides making specific predictions that allow rejection, the theory can be used to account for differences between Ellis's deficit theory and Zigler's developmental theory of mental retardation.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"2-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14738754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Client characteristics and residential placement patterns. 客户特征和住宿安置模式。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
S A Borthwick-Duffy, R K Eyman, J F White
{"title":"Client characteristics and residential placement patterns.","authors":"S A Borthwick-Duffy,&nbsp;R K Eyman,&nbsp;J F White","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent emphases on deinstitutionalization and community placement have been accompanied by the development of a range of residential placement alternatives and by shifts in the control of placement decisions. In this study we examined the patterns of placement into these alternatives for 66,367 clients receiving services for mentally retarded persons from the state of California and evaluated the ability of client characteristics to discriminate among clients in four residential placement types. Results of the discriminant analyses suggest that client characteristics, including maladaptive behavior, age, ethnicity, medical problems, ambulation, toileting, and speech, are important factors in the consideration of residential placement for mentally retarded people.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14738755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The color isolation effect in free recall by adults with Down syndrome. 唐氏综合症成人自由回忆中的颜色隔离效应。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
I N Huang, S J Borter
{"title":"The color isolation effect in free recall by adults with Down syndrome.","authors":"I N Huang,&nbsp;S J Borter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The free recall of an isolated picture by 40 institutionalized adults with Down syndrome was investigated. Subjects were matched on the basis of IQ, CA, and length of institutionalization and divided into two groups. They were shown 10 pictures of common objects with (experimental) or without (control) the 6th picture printed in vivid color. Oral free recall immediately followed. The serial position curve of the control group lacked both the primacy and recency effects. Although overall recall performance remained unaffected, the experimental group recalled the isolated picture more frequently than did the control group. Results suggested that better memory of the isolate resulted from selective attention-encoding, which was induced by isolation. There appears to be a similarity between the adults with Down syndrome and nonretarded individuals in learning an isolated item.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"115-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14091937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Construct validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children with mildly mentally retarded students. 轻度弱智儿童考夫曼量表的效度建构。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
A Obrzut, R B Nelson, J E Obrzut
{"title":"Construct validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children with mildly mentally retarded students.","authors":"A Obrzut,&nbsp;R B Nelson,&nbsp;J E Obrzut","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The construct validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) with mildly mentally retarded children was examined. Subjects were given three intelligence tests: the K-ABC, WISC-R, and Stanford Binet, Form L-M. Analysis of variance procedures revealed differences between the K-ABC Mental Processing Composite and the WISC-R Full Scale IQ, whereas the Stanford-Binet IQ was not reliably different from either. Correlational analysis provided supportive evidence that the K-ABC is measuring general intelligence; however, discrepancy between Sequential/Simultaneous scales and intersubtest correlations may not support distinct processing styles for mildly mentally retarded students, although this sample represents a restricted range.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"74-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14739395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Attitudes and behavior toward students with handicaps by their nonhandicapped peers. 非残疾学生对残疾学生的态度和行为。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
M E Fortini
{"title":"Attitudes and behavior toward students with handicaps by their nonhandicapped peers.","authors":"M E Fortini","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1973) was used to examine the relationship between attitudes toward becoming a peer tutor for a student with handicaps and actually volunteering to become a peer tutor. This model suggests that intention is the best predictor of behavior and that intention consists of an attitudinal component (attitudes toward the behavior) and a normative component (perceptions of what other people think you should do). Subjects were 125 students in Grades 5 through 7 who were told about peer tutoring and asked to volunteer. Results showed that this model can be used to predict behavior of nonhandicapped students toward their handicapped peers in an educational setting. The importance and implications of these findings were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"78-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14739396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plasma concentrations of magnesium, lead, lithium, copper, and zinc in mentally retarded persons. 智力迟钝者血浆中镁、铅、锂、铜和锌的浓度。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
H H Bruhl, J Foni, Y H Lee, A Madow
{"title":"Plasma concentrations of magnesium, lead, lithium, copper, and zinc in mentally retarded persons.","authors":"H H Bruhl,&nbsp;J Foni,&nbsp;Y H Lee,&nbsp;A Madow","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The metal magnesium and the trace elements lead, lithium, copper, and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the plasma of 107 residents with different types of mental retardation at a state institution in Minnesota. Twenty-six staff volunteers and 29 residents with psychosocial mental retardation served as control subjects. Plasma magnesium concentrations were normal in all retarded subjects. Lead and lithium concentrations were below detection levels in all retarded and nonretarded subjects. Low copper concentrations were found in the plasma of retarded dwarfs and of male microcephalic subjects. The most significant finding was hypozincemia in 49 subjects with Down syndrome of both sexes and all ages. Because this finding was limited to residents with Down syndrome, a nutritional deficiency is most unlikely. The possible etiological factors of hypozincemia in Down syndrome were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"103-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14091198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Using the componential method to train mentally retarded individuals to solve analogies. 运用组份法训练弱智个体解决类比问题。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
J McConaghy, N H Kirby
{"title":"Using the componential method to train mentally retarded individuals to solve analogies.","authors":"J McConaghy,&nbsp;N H Kirby","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The applicability of the componential method developed by Sternberg (1977a) to the study of the processes used by mentally retarded subjects to solve analogies was examined in two experiments. In both experiments, prior training was found to improve performance and enhance maintenance of that performance level over time. In Experiment 1, however, subjects experienced difficulty in using \"precued\" analogy terms, the means by which separate estimates of the processes used to solve the analogies were made using the componential method. In Experiment 2, use of an alternative method of presenting the analogies significantly increased the use of these terms by the subjects, which, in turn, improved the applicability of the componential method to the data obtained from the subjects. This alternative method, however, also increased the overall difficulty level of the task.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14432654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predicting and understanding developmental delay of children of adolescent mothers: a multidimensional approach. 预测和理解青少年母亲的孩子的发育迟缓:一个多维的方法。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
T L Whitman, J G Borkowski, C J Schellenbach, P S Nath
{"title":"Predicting and understanding developmental delay of children of adolescent mothers: a multidimensional approach.","authors":"T L Whitman,&nbsp;J G Borkowski,&nbsp;C J Schellenbach,&nbsp;P S Nath","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Divergent literatures on potential relationships among psychological, biological, and contextual factors that may contribute to mental retardation and other types of developmental delay in the children of adolescent mothers were reviewed. A linear model was proposed to describe the direct and indirect effects of learning ability, maternal health, social support, personal adjustment, cognitive readiness for parenting, and infant characteristics on adolescent parenting and child development. Because the validity of the model can be determined through the use of causal modeling (LISREL), it holds the potential for determining a unique set of risk factors that may produce developmental delay in children of adolescent mothers. These factors can serve as the targets in designing intervention programs for such mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"40-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13587951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychoeducational findings among children treated for phenylketonuria. 苯丙酮尿症患儿的心理教育发现。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
K Fishler, C G Azen, R Henderson, E G Friedman, R Koch
{"title":"Psychoeducational findings among children treated for phenylketonuria.","authors":"K Fishler,&nbsp;C G Azen,&nbsp;R Henderson,&nbsp;E G Friedman,&nbsp;R Koch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early treated phenylketonuric children who maintained a phe-restricted diet through age 10 were compared with those who discontinued the diet after age 6 on standardized tests of intelligence, school achievement, language, and perceptual skills. Mean IQ, reading, and spelling test scores improved between ages 6 and 10 for the on-diet children in comparison to those who were off diet. Mean scores on arithmetic, language, and perceptual skills, however, declined at a uniform rate for both groups. Children with PKU scored significantly lower than did their non-PKU siblings on tests of visual perception and visual-motor skills. We conclude that children with PKU should be maintained on a phe-restricted diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"65-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14739394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of mentally retarded children's behavioral competence on nonretarded peers' behaviors and attitudes: toward establishing ecological validity in attitude research. 智障儿童行为能力对非智障同伴行为和态度的影响——建立态度研究的生态效度。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1987-07-01
J J Bak, G N Siperstein
{"title":"Effects of mentally retarded children's behavioral competence on nonretarded peers' behaviors and attitudes: toward establishing ecological validity in attitude research.","authors":"J J Bak,&nbsp;G N Siperstein","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was designed to begin establishing the ecological validity of laboratory research indicating that nonretarded children's responses toward mentally retarded peers are positively affected by the retarded peers' competence in different areas. Groups of 3 children (1 retarded and 2 nonretarded fourth through sixth-graders) played a bean bag toss game in which the retarded child was either the best or an average player. Then children selected one of their two partners as a partner for a subsequent game and indicated their attitudes toward each peer and their attribution for each peer's performance. Retarded children who were the best players were selected as partners significantly more often than retarded children who were average players. Nonretarded children's attitudes toward retarded peers, however, were the same regardless of the retarded peers' performance. A relationship was also found between children's attributions of retarded peers' success to ability and their selection of the same peers as partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"92 1","pages":"31-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14738756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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