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American journal of mental deficiency最新文献

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Operantly based treatment procedure for stair avoidance by a severely mentally retarded adult. 严重智障成人避楼梯手术治疗程序。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-11-01
L D Burgio, K Willis, K L Burgio
{"title":"Operantly based treatment procedure for stair avoidance by a severely mentally retarded adult.","authors":"L D Burgio,&nbsp;K Willis,&nbsp;K L Burgio","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of contingent social and edible reinforcement and physical guidance-without desensitization-in the treatment of stair avoidance behavior by a severely mentally retarded adult was tested. Results indicate that this operantly based procedure was effective in increasing stair use, both ascent and descent, in staircases containing 5 and 11 stairs.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 3","pages":"308-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14916013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Self-injurious and stereotypic behavior of noninstitutionalized mentally retarded people: prevalence and classification. 非收容型智障人士的自我伤害和刻板行为:流行程度和分类。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-11-01
J Rojahn
{"title":"Self-injurious and stereotypic behavior of noninstitutionalized mentally retarded people: prevalence and classification.","authors":"J Rojahn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A nationwide mail survey on self-injurious behavior (SIB) and stereotypies was carried out among noninstitutionalized mentally retarded people in the Federal Republic of Germany. The estimated SIB prevalence among 25,872 retarded persons from 294 service facilities was 1.7%, which is considerably lower than earlier estimates based on samples of institutionalized persons. Prevalence of stereotypic behavior among individuals with SIB was 65%, compared to 62% in a control sample of persons without SIB. A cluster analysis distinguished three SIB clusters. Different types of stereotypic behavior were found to be differentially related to different types of SIB.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 3","pages":"268-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14918541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analyzing the stimulus properties of objects used in stereotyped behavior. 分析刻板印象行为中使用的物体的刺激特性。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-11-01
M Winnega, G Berkson
{"title":"Analyzing the stimulus properties of objects used in stereotyped behavior.","authors":"M Winnega,&nbsp;G Berkson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ten severely retarded children who engaged in object stereotypies were observed during 10, 1-hour sessions in various contexts of their living and school environments. The percentage of object stereotypies performed and the nature of the objects manipulated were described. For the children as a group, context did not affect the level of object stereotypies, but other stereotypies were performed most often during music sessions. In Study 2 the objects manipulated in a stereotyped manner were presented to six people who were asked to describe the physical dimensions of the object when it was moved. Judges found that most children appeared to respond to flexibility, whereas some children appeared to respond to other feedback. Study 3 was designed to validate the dimensions selected by the judges. Each dimension agreed on by five of the judges in Study 2 was used to construct sets of five objects that varied with respect to that dimension. The children were presented with the set of objects and differential manipulation along the dimension was assessed. The judges' selections were partially validated.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 3","pages":"277-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14918542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Definition and classification of mental retardation: a reply to Zigler, Balla, and Hodapp. 智力迟钝的定义和分类:对齐格勒、巴拉和霍达普的答复。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
W S Barnett
{"title":"Definition and classification of mental retardation: a reply to Zigler, Balla, and Hodapp.","authors":"W S Barnett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zigler, Balla, and Hodapp (1984) have proposed that mental retardation be defined as an IQ at least 2 standard deviations below the mean and classified as having organic or genetic etiology. These proposals are found to be based upon questionable assumptions about mental retardation. An alternative conceptual framework for definition of mental retardation is proposed and used to evaluate the merits of IQ and social competence in determining mental retardation. The use of IQ alone is judged to be inappropriate and potentially harmful when applied to individuals and when used to formulate public policy. Other researchers have established that there is insufficient evidence to attribute genetic or organic etiology to most mental retardation.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"111-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14885048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Features of integrated educational ecologies that predict social behavior among severely mentally retarded and nonretarded students. 预测重度智障与非智障学生社会行为的综合教育生态特征。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
R P Brinker, M E Thorpe
{"title":"Features of integrated educational ecologies that predict social behavior among severely mentally retarded and nonretarded students.","authors":"R P Brinker,&nbsp;M E Thorpe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Educational contexts for integrating 245 severely retarded students, ages 3 to 22 years, were conceptualized in terms of an ecological model. Measures were developed for school resources and staff support, educational planning, characteristics of integrated severely retarded students, the social environment, the physical environment, and the specific interactive environment. The degree of integration of each severely retarded student was measured by the rate per minute of social bids that students directed toward nonretarded students in the environment. Eight 10-minute observation sessions were scheduled across a school year. Stepwise-regression analyses were used to select measures representative of each aspect of the educational ecology. Approximately 32% of the variance in degree of integration was uniquely associated with the social behavior that other students directed toward the retarded students, p less than .001. Results suggest that nonretarded students are the key to successful integration efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"150-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14885052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of intervention techniques in reducing stereotypic hand gazing in young severely disabled children. 干预技术对减少重度残疾儿童刻板手凝视的影响。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
R J Gallagher, G Berkson
{"title":"Effect of intervention techniques in reducing stereotypic hand gazing in young severely disabled children.","authors":"R J Gallagher,&nbsp;G Berkson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stereotypic hand gazing by very young severely disabled children was investigated. In Study 1 a dramatically increased therapy program substantially reduced a child's hand gazing and augmented his toy manipulation skills. In Study 2 specific interventions were prescribed for two children who were hand gazers and had significant yet correctable visual impairment. Both glasses and toys effectively reduced each child's hand-gazing. Results suggest that stereotypic hand gazing may be eliminated by intervention with very young children.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"170-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14885054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Status of hepatitis B screening and vaccine use in facilities for mentally retarded persons. 智障人士设施中乙型肝炎筛查和疫苗使用状况。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
S Dandoy, J R Dandoy
{"title":"Status of hepatitis B screening and vaccine use in facilities for mentally retarded persons.","authors":"S Dandoy,&nbsp;J R Dandoy","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>State mental retardation program directors in all 50 states were questioned on the status of hepatitis B screening and immunization programs in facilities for mentally retarded persons. Results from 43 states indicated serologic screening of selected residents and staff in 37 states and limited use of the new hepatitis B vaccine in 36 states, primarily in institutions and group homes. Not all states were sharing results of screening tests with school systems in which residents were enrolled. Attention should be addressed to the need for vaccination in community settings and the development of guidelines for schools in preventing the transmission of hepatitis B.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"184-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14080513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Aerophagia: an uncommon form of self-injury. 噬气症:一种不常见的自残形式。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
C S Holburn
{"title":"Aerophagia: an uncommon form of self-injury.","authors":"C S Holburn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aerophagia is a rarely recognized self-injurious behavior that consists of repetitive air swallowing with consequent belching, flatulence, and abdominal distention. The condition causes serious medical problems and can result in death. Possible causes of aerophagia and some attempts to treat it were reviewed briefly.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"201-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14884979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Relation of lead and social factors to IQ of low-SES children: a partial replication. 低社会经济地位儿童铅与社会因素对智商的关系:部分重复。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
B A Hawk, S R Schroeder, G Robinson, D Otto, P Mushak, D Kleinbaum, G Dawson
{"title":"Relation of lead and social factors to IQ of low-SES children: a partial replication.","authors":"B A Hawk,&nbsp;S R Schroeder,&nbsp;G Robinson,&nbsp;D Otto,&nbsp;P Mushak,&nbsp;D Kleinbaum,&nbsp;G Dawson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An independent replication of a previous study (Schroeder et al., 1985) of the effects of interactive social environmental factors on the relationship of lead and Stanford-Binet IQ was performed on 75 of 80 low-SES black children screened by county health departments in North Carolina. Children's mean blood lead (PbB) level was 20.8 micrograms/dl (range, 6.3 to 47.4). Multivariate regression analyses showed no significant interactions between PbB and age, sex, maternal IQ, Caldwell home environment score, or SES (Hollingshead Two-Factor Index). There was a highly significant negative relationship between both mean and maximum PbB levels with IQ, p less than .002; that is, IQ decreased linearly as PbB increased. The most accurate and precise regression model included lead, maternal IQ, home environment, and gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"178-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14885055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded children's learned helplessness. 轻度智障儿童与非智障儿童习得性无助。
American journal of mental deficiency Pub Date : 1986-09-01
R M Gargiulo, P S O'Sullivan
{"title":"Mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded children's learned helplessness.","authors":"R M Gargiulo,&nbsp;P S O'Sullivan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The relationship among four measures identified as operational definitions of learned helplessness was assessed in 44 mildly mentally retarded and 44 nonretarded children of equivalent mental age. Assessment of perseverance, response initiation, teacher perception of helplessness, and attributions for positive and negative achievement outcomes revealed an absence of corroboration in the two subgroups. The findings suggest that ability grouping and instrumentation are meaningful variables when evaluating learned helplessness in retarded and nonretarded students.</p>","PeriodicalId":75475,"journal":{"name":"American journal of mental deficiency","volume":"91 2","pages":"203-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"14884980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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