Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"The role of psychosocial factors in human disease: lessons from animal models.","authors":"R B Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies with humans have identified certain psychosocial characteristics that are associated with increased risk of developing life-threatening illnesses, as well as biological and behavioral mechanisms whereby risk is mediated. In this paper I review research wherein the use of animal models increases our understanding of the mechanisms acting in humans, using research on psychosocial risk factors and the \"SES gradient\" as examples.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"100-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20330880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sympathetic nervous system in human hypertension.","authors":"G Mancia,&nbsp;G Grassi,&nbsp;G Parati,&nbsp;A Zanchetti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While animal models of hypertension have clearly shown an increase in sympathetic activity, a similar demonstration in humans has been more difficult to obtain for methodological reasons. There is now clear evidence, however, of an increase sympathetic activity in essential hypertension by the finding of either an increase in plasma norepinephrine and an increase in muscle sympathetic nerve traffic. Among the mechanisms responsible for this sympathetic activation the arterial baroreflex may play a role although probably a non specific and late one. Central neural influences associated with an excessive hypothalamic response to stress may also be involved, but conclusive evidence is still lacking due to the difficulty of assessing cardiovascular reactivity to stress in man. A deeper insight into the features of human sympathetic cardiovascular control may be offered now by new techniques which allow neural cardiovascular regulation to be assessed in daily life through computer analysis of noninvasive ambulatory beat-by-beat blood pressure and heart rate recordings.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"117-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20330884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cage enrichment on territorial aggression and stress physiology in male laboratory mice.","authors":"A Haemisch,&nbsp;K Gärtner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The activation of different neuroendocrine subsystems depends on the individual perception and coping with the challenging situation, the formulation of these relations by J.P. Henry represents a most useful concept also for the assessment of welfare consequences of particular caging variables. We investigated effects of cage enrichment on behaviour and neuroendocrine activations of male laboratory mice. Mice in enriched cages behaved more aggressive, lacked stable dominance hierarchies and exhibited neuroendocrine alterations depending on their individual social position. Subdominant passive mice were characterized by an augmented adrenal capacity to synthesize epinephrine despite low activities of the tyrosine hydroxylase. Dominant mice showed elevated circulating corticosterone concentrations despite high tyrosine hydroxylase-activities. Findings showed a dissociation of neurosympathetic and adrenomedullary components in subdominant passive mice and a simultaneous activation of sympathetic adrenomedullary and hypothalamo-adrenocortical components in dominant mice. Within the conceptual framework of the Henry model this would suggest different deteriorations of welfare in dominant and subdominant passive mice. In the situation of intensified aggression in the enriched cages the increased epinephrine synthesis in subdominant mice reflect their more frequent receipt of attacks and the elevated corticosterone secretion in dominant mice reflect their hindered ability to control the dominant position.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"73-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20330935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The intestines of carnivorous fish: structure and functions and the relations with diet.","authors":"R K Buddington,&nbsp;A Krogdahl,&nbsp;A M Bakke-Mckellep","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestine is a complex multifunctional organ. In addition to digesting and absorbing feedstuffs, the intestine is critical for water and electrolyte balance, endocrine regulation of digestion and metabolism, and immunity. The intestines of carnivorous fish have evolved for processing a highly digestible, nutrient dense diet that is high in protein and low in carbohydrate. Correspondingly, abilities to digest protein are well developed, but carbohydrate digestion is low compared to omnivorous and herbivorous fish. Furthermore, the evolutionary stable diet is associated with a lack or reduced abilities to adaptively modulate digestive functions to match changes in diet composition. Despite similar selective pressures, intestinal structure is highly variable among carnivorous fish, reflecting phylogenetic diversity. Due to economic considerations, diets for cultured species often have varying proportions of plant-based ingredients. Although such feeds are effective for raising omnivorous and herbivorous species, they have provided limited success for carnivores, and this has been attributed to digestive limitations. Recent evidence of inflammatory responses to as yet unidentified components of some plants suggest involvement of the enteric immune system. Changes in temperature and salinity alter intestinal structure and functions, and therefore processing of dietary inputs. A relatively unknown component of the intestine involves the resident microbiota and its role in the health and disease of carnivoraus fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"638 ","pages":"67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20350054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential activation of sympathetic discharge to skin and skeletal muscle in humans.","authors":"S F Vissing","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work provides insight into the relative contribution of different mechanisms in regulating sympathetic discharge to skin and skeletal muscle in humans. Activation of sympathetic nerve activity during common behaviours such as orthostasis and exercise was shown to be highly selective, depending on the specific sympathetic outflow under study. Regarding orthostasis, data from experiments in this thesis revoked the concept that cardiopulmonary afferents only regulate muscle vascular resistance in the forearm, not in the leg. Also the concept that the cutaneous circulation is under baroreceptor control has been challenged. Unloading cardiopulmonary afferents with lower body negative pressure elicited intensity dependent increases in peroneal sympathetic discharge to skeletal muscle, and increases in forearm and calf vascular resistances. Therefore, it was concluded that cardiopulmonary afferents regulate vascular resistance in skeletal muscle of both forearm and calf, suggesting an important role for these afferents in the reflex adjustments to upright posture. In contrast to muscle sympathetic nerve activity, baroreceptor deactivation with lower body negative pressure had no effect on skin sympathetic nerve activity or skin vascular resistance. However, assumption of upright posture increased skin vascular resistance, this increase was abolished when increased vascular transmural pressure was avoided by elevating the arm. Local cutaneous nerve blockade, but not blockade of efferent sympathetic nerve traffic, abolished the vasoconstrictor response to upright posture. Based on these experiments, it was concluded that baroreceptor afferents do not regulate sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow to the cutaneous circulation. During upright posture at normothermia cutaneous vasoconstriction is mainly driven by a local reflex. To explain activation of sympathetic outflow during exercise two theories have been proposed. One is that a \"central motor command\" signal emanates from the rostral brain. The other is that a contraction induced reflex arises in chemically and mechanically sensitive muscle afferents. Although animal studies have provided experimental support for both theories, studies in humans with direct recordings of muscle sympathetic nerve activity have only provided convincing evidence for the muscle afferent theory. The present experiments are the first in humans to provide direct evidence in support of the \"central motor command\" theory. In addition, these experiments demonstrated a highly dissociated pattern of sympathetic activation to skin and skeletal muscle. Thus, during static handgrip exercise sympathetic outflow to skin of the resting limb showed an initial burst of activity preceding the onset of tension development. This was followed by an increase in sympathetic activity that continued throughout the exercise period. Sympathetic outflow to resting muscle showed a slow pattern of response with a latent period between","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"639 ","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20350055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart disease mortality and economic changes; including unemployment; in Western Germany 1951-1989.","authors":"M H Brenner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research over the last two decades has indicated that changes in cardiovascular disease mortality rates have been influenced by those in national economic indicators as well as by measures of consumption of tobacco, animal fats and alcohol. These findings predominantly involved the United States, United Kingdom and Scandinavian countries. The economic indicators included real per capita income and social welfare expenditures (beneficial relationships to mortality rates), and unemployment rates and business failure rates (detrimental relationships to mortality). James Henry's formulations have emphasized that many different illnesses respond to emotional stresses in different psychophysiological patterns depending on the specific constellations of emotions aroused. On the assumption that the impact of national economic changes on cardiovascular mortality reflects emotional stresses, losses, frustrations and deprivations, similar tests were undertaken using Western German heart disease mortality rate data over 1951-1989. Time-series regression analysis showed that, holding constant the effects of tobacco, animal fats and alcohol, increased income and social welfare expenditures are related to heart disease mortality rate declines, whereas increased unemployment and business failure rates are related to heart disease mortality rate increases over more than a decade.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"149-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting the circulatory control paradigm.","authors":"P Korner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current paradigm regards circulatory control as mediated by discrete cardiovascular receptor stimuli, through an array of relatively independent reflexes, with the arterial baroreflex the centrepiece of this schema. However, it is often difficult to fit the linear control model to the observed responses of the intact organism. Hence the need for a more realistic approach. A given disturbance acting on the body stimulates not only baroreceptors, but many other receptors, as well as providing the central nervous system (CNS) with behavioral cues, etc. The mix of stimuli is characteristic of the type and severity of the particular disturbance. The first task for the CNS, is recognition of the pattern of stimuli, which is often a non-linear process. This is mediated through a number of \"integrative\" centres in different parts of the brain, which compare the magnitude of stimuli from the various sources. The sum of excitatory and inhibitory influences in the efferents from these integrative centres project to \"command\" centres, e.g. in hypothalamus, amygdala or hindbrain. These generate the output patterns through activation of particular pools of autonomic motoneurons and by altering secretion of hormones. Both the recognition of afferent stimuli (including behaviour) and of the effector patterns, involve mechanisms above and below the pons.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"30-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"James Paget Henry. 12/7 1914--20/11 1996.","authors":"B Folkow","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"4-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-oral food manipulation of carp and other cyprinids: adaptations and limitations.","authors":"J W Osse,&nbsp;F A Sibbing,&nbsp;J G van den Boogaart","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The heterogeneity of the cyprinid fishes (about 2000 species) and their feeding requires a general model of aquatic feeding. In this model the timing of mouth and gill slit opening and the relative contribution of head expansion and swimming are determining factors. The following elements have been distinguished in the feeding process of cyprinid fishes: search/choice, intake (particulate intake and gulping), size-and taste selection, intra-oral transport (including repositioning), mastication and deglutition. The recognition of these processes is based on the combined use of X-ray, cine film, video and emg techniques. Structural specialisations, including the intra-oral density of sensory elements and their central connections with associated feed back loops, enable a wide variety of combinations and regulation of (stereotyped) motor patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"638 ","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20348848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the influence of physical training on glucose homeostasis.","authors":"F Dela","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"635 ","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19952136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}