Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"Physiological and neuroendocrine correlates of social position in normotensive and hypertensive rat colonies.","authors":"D Ely,&nbsp;A Caplea,&nbsp;G Dunphy,&nbsp;D Smith","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hypothesis to be tested was that socially dominant (D) males in a mixed gender rat colony will have: higher blood pressure (BP) decreased hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) activity measured by plasma corticosterone (C) and increased sympathetic activity measured by plasma noradrenaline (NA) as compared to socially subordinate (S) males. BP was measured continuously by implanted aortic telemetry (Data Sciences, MN), plasma noradrenaline measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection and plasma C by RIA. Colonies were established using 8 of each sex of 4 strains: SHR, WKY, and our two Y chromosome congenic strains, SHR/y and SHR/a. Social ranking was determined by physical scarring scores, overall locomotor activity and patrol behaviour. D males had higher BP (active dark cycle) across strains compared to subordinates S: SHR-180 vs 148 mmHg, WKY-145 vs 142 mmHg, SHR/y-185 vs 145 mmHg, SHR/a-180 vs 160 mmHg. Using an acute stressor, BP responsiveness was higher in D than in S SHR and SHR/y males. D males had higher NA levels than S males across strains: (SHR-76% increase, WKY-31% increase, SHR/y-29% increase, SHR/a-40% increase). S males had significantly higher C levels than D males across strains (SHR-29% increase, WKY-123% increase, SHR/y-25% increase, SHR/a-61% increase). The hypertensive Y chromosome (SHR or SHR/y) produced higher SBP during the active dark cycle in D males than in D males with a normotensive Y chromosome (WKY or SHR/a). In conclusion, D males from related hypertensive strains showed elevated sympathetic activity measured by plasma NA and reduced HPA activity measured by plasma C as compared to S males. (Supported by HL-48072-04).</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"92-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20330939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mechanisms in sympathetic vascular control.","authors":"R E Malmström","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Y1 receptor is the predominant vascular NPY receptor subtype in pig hind limb and kidney. Thus, vascular responses to exogenous and endogenous NPY were almost or totally abolished in the presence of the Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226. Furthermore, dose-dependent renal vasoconstriction was evoked by a Y1, but not a Y2, receptor agonist, and this could be strongly reduced by the Y1 receptor antagonist SR 120107A. Moreover, the expression of Y1 receptors in pig kidney and renal artery was indicated by RT-PCR and mRNA for Y1 receptors was detected in small intrarenal arteries using in situ hybridization. In contrast, the pig spleen contains both Y1 and Y2 receptors. In vivo, both Y1 and Y2 receptor agonists evoked dose-dependent splenic vasoconstriction, which was strongly reduced and not influenced, respectively, by SR 120107A. Accordingly, RT-PCR indicated expression of both Y1 and Y2 receptors in pig spleen. Presence of pig splenic Y2, but not Y1, receptors was also demonstrated in autoradiographic and membrane receptor binding studies. The presence of Y1 receptors in dog spleen was demonstrated in vivo, by RT-PCR, autoradiographic and membrane receptor binding, the latter also indicating existence of Y2 receptors. In addition, the Y1 receptor was also demonstrated in dog kidney in vivo and by RT-PCR. 2. Selectivity of SR 120107A for Y1 receptors was demonstrated, as Y1 agonist binding in dog spleen was displaced with great affinity, in contrast to Y2 agonist binding in dog and pig spleen. Furthermore, both SR 120107A and BIBP 3226 potently displaced tritiated BIBP 3226 binding from Y1 receptors in dog splenic membranes. BIBP 3226 exerted potent and dose-dependent antagonistic effects on contractions evoked by NPY in guinea-pig caval vein in vitro. The inhibition was competitive as the slope of the Schild plot was not significantly different from unity. SR 120107A appeared as effective as BIBP 3226 to antagonize NPY-evoked contractions in this vessel and neither antagonist affected contractions evoked by NA. SR 120107A potently antagonized Y1 receptor mediated vasoconstriction evoked in pig kidney and spleen in vivo. In contrast, vasoconstrictor responses in vivo mediated via other receptors, including Y2, were not affected. SR 120107A was also shown to have a long duration of action in vivo. BIBP 3226 exerted dose-dependent and equally potent antagonism on vascular responses to exogenous and endogenous, neurogenically released, NPY in vivo. The elimination of BIBP 3226 from plasma fit a two-compartment model, resulting in a half-life of 2 and 20 min of the alpha- and beta-phase, respectively. It is concluded that continuous infusions of this latter antagonist are preferable to infections during in vivo experiments, since non-specific effects can be avoided, and the duration of antagonistic action is under better control. 3. This study presents the final pharmacological evidence for the involvement of endogenous NPY in sympathetic vaso","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"636 ","pages":"1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20126364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress and cardiovascular disease.","authors":"P Björntorp","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The statistical associations between stress and cardiovascular and other prevalent diseases have not been explained. Perceived stress, resulting in an uncontrollable defeat reaction, has been shown by James Henry (Henry 1993) to be followed by specific endocrine abnormalities, including sensitization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and inhibited sex steroid and growth hormone secretions. With an elevated waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR)--a simple, surrogate, measurement of intraabdominal, visceral fat masses--combined with insulin resistance, similar endocrine perturbations are found. Based on considerable evidence, such endocrine abnormalities seem to be followed by accumulation of intraabdominal, visceral fat masses and insulin resistance, both powerful risk factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke. A postulated chain of events is therefore that the endocrine perturbations are primary factors, followed by visceral fat accumulation, insulin resistance and other risk factors dependent on the hyperinsulinemia following insulin resistance. This highlights the importance of elucidating the cause(s) to the endocrine abnormalities. These are identical to those described by Henry (1993) to follow a stress reaction of a defeat type. Findings of several psychosocial and socio-economic handicaps might provide a basis for such a reaction, supported by experimental studies in primates. Furthermore, depression, anxiety, alcohol consumption and smoking, all known activators of the HPA axis, are also often found. The low sex steroid and growth hormone secretions might be secondary to the hypersensitive HPA-axis. They could also be caused by other factors, and are, each alone, capable of causing both visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Visceral fat accumulation is only an indirect, surrogate measurement of the underlying endocrine abnormalities, but is useful for screening purposes on a population basis. Developments of novel techniques for sensitive, yet simple measurements of HPA axis activity under undisturbed conditions seem to allow a better definition of pathogenetic factors. Utilizing such methods, subgroups of the syndrome including visceral fat accumulation, insulin resistance and other associated risk factors (Metabolic Syndrome), are beginning to emerge. A more detailed information on noxious factors in society leading to a defeat reaction to perceived stress, endocrine abnormalities and the Metabolic Syndrome, with increased risk for prevalent disease may hopefully be developed by these new methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"144-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxytocin linked antistress effects--the relaxation and growth response.","authors":"K Uvnäs-Moberg","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stress or noxious stimuli of various kind may induce the fight-flight response. In this situation a number of physiological and behavioural adaptations leading to defense of the organism occur. At a central level increased activity in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and an enhanced secretion of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin produced in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) integrate stress response. Here the existence of an opposite psycho-physiological pattern associated with relaxation and growth and which is activated by certain types of non-noxious stimuli and integrated by oxytocin is proposed. In support of this, administration of oxytocin to male and female rats gives rise to effects of antistress nature in particular after repeated administration. Thus a five day treatment period with oxytocin 1 mg/kg s.c. or 1 micro g/kg i.c.v gives rise to sedation, lowering of blood pressure, increased withdrawal latency in the tail flick test and also a decrease of corticosterone levels and a rise of certain vagally controlled hormones. Weight gain is also increased under certain conditions. These effects persist several weeks after administration of oxytocin and cannot be reversed by oxytocin antagonists when established, suggesting that secondary mechanisms have been activated. Naloxone temporarily reverses the increased withdrawal of the tail flick test suggesting that opioid mechanisms have been activated to cause this particular effect. In contrast the sedative and blood pressure lowering effect seems to be induced by an enhanced activity in central alpha 2 receptors. Oxytocin levels increase in blood and CSF after various kinds of non-noxious sensory stimulation such as touch, light pressure and warm temperature in both female and male rats. It is suggested that other types of non-noxious stimuli as well may increase oxytocin release. If so, a release of oxytocin could be responsible for not only the antistress effects occurring during lactation but also why relationships, social contact and networks may have health promoting effects in particular by preventing cardiovascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"38-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress hypertension: the \"wrong\" genes in the \"wrong\" environment.","authors":"G A Harshfield,&nbsp;C E Grim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jim Henry demonstrated an animal's society can induce an increase in blood pressure and its cardiovascular sequale. He recognized that the stress required to elevate blood pressure was a function of the genetically determined behavioral traits of the mice used. He termed some strains aggressive, others peaceable. Being highly inbred (indeed isogenic strains) it was intriguing to find that the behavior of these genetically identical individuals could differ markedly once placed in a society that decreased territory. A dominant or \"king\" mouse emerged. Other non-dominant males were aggressive and striving to be king. Adrenal medullary systems were activated and renins high. Others huddled in one cage and appeared to have given up. Jim called them depressed. Their adrenal cortex was hyperplastic suggesting pituitary adrenal axis activation as in depression, their renin was low and corticosterone high. In rats, careful selection of a strain genetically aggressive had to be combined with titration of societal stress to reliably induce hypertension. Its likely that humans retain some, if not all, of these variations, i.e. some respond to stress with an increase in blood pressure and others do not, some respond via the sympathetic pathway and others by adrenal cortical activation. The suggestion that African American's high blood pressures is due to stress is relevant to the Henry paradigm and the known genetic influences on sodium retention in blacks. The integration of this paradigm with the genetically increased sensitivity to the blood pressure raising effects of dietary sodium in blacks is proposed and discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"129-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20330887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic influences on the responses to psychosocial challenges in rats.","authors":"P Mormède","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"Psychosocial stress can induce chronic hypertension in normotensive strains of rats\" (Henry et al. 1993). This effect is however variable among different strains. Factor analysis of the relationships between temperamental dimensions measured in social and nonsocial settings shows that sensitivity to chronic social stress loads on a \"social reactivity\" factor different from spontaneous aggressive tendencies. Furthermore an \"end-organ\" sensitivity of the cardiovascular system also seems to be necessary to explain individual vulnerability to psychosocial stress-induced hypertension. These psychological and pathophysiological characteristics combine with situational components that are not yet fully defined. The advent of telemetry techniques to monitor heart rate and blood pressure continuously without any disturbance to the animals should facilitate the analytical approach of this complex, multifactorial condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"65-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20330933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood pressure trend and psychosocial factors: the case of the nuns in a secluded order.","authors":"M Timio","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The powerful effect of psychosocial and acculturating influences on population blood pressure trends seems to be confirmed, through longitudinal observations in the nuns in a secluded order. After initial observation had been made on culture, body form, blood pressure, diet, and other variables in 144 nuns and 138 lay-women, included as a control group, a 30-year follow-up study was undertaken. Most striking were opposite trends noted between the two groups in blood pressure trend. During the follow-up period blood pressure remained remarkably stable among the nuns. None showed a rise in diastolic blood pressure to above 90 mmHg. By contrast, the control women showed the expected increase in blood pressure with age. This resulted in a gradually greater difference (A > 30/15 mmHg) in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups, which was statistically significant. It appears reasonable to attribute much of the difference in blood pressure to the different burden in psychosocial factor and to the preserved peaceful lifestyle of the nuns.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"137-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and hormones during a comprehensive residential three month kriya yoga training and vegetarian nutrition.","authors":"T Schmidt,&nbsp;A Wijga,&nbsp;A Von Zur Mühlen,&nbsp;G Brabant,&nbsp;T O Wagner","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In participants of a comprehensive residential three month yoga and mediation training programme living on a low fat lacto-vegetarian diet changes in cardiovascular risk factors and hormones were studied. Substantial risk factor reduction was found. Body mass index, total serum and LDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, and blood pressure were significantly reduced especially in those with elevated levels. Urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, aldosterone, as well as serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were reduced, while cortisol excretion increased significantly.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"158-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The consequences of having experienced overwhelming stress.","authors":"M G Haviland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the central amygdala in stress and adaption.","authors":"B Roozendaal,&nbsp;J M Koolhaas,&nbsp;B Bohus","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent views on stress emphasise the existence of more than one response pattern to stressful events, and the importance of individual differences in coping with environmental challenges. Therefore, in the evaluation of the specific contribution of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) in stress and adaptation it has to be considered whether the stress is acute or conditioned, and whether it requires active or passive styles of coping. Based on series of our own studies, we propose that the CEA is consistently involved in the organisation of processes of passive coping, reflected in immobile behaviour and parasympathetic activity. Furthermore, a differential regulation of the CEA via its peptidergic neuronal input may underlie the distinct behavioural and physiological stress patterns accompanying the different styles of coping. Additionally, the involvement of the CEA in neuroendocrine control is addressed. The CEA exerts a general, modulatory influence on the neuroendocrine control to acute stressors, whereas this output during conditioned stress seems to be independent of the CEA. The neuroendocrine state as achieved during acute stress is, via feedback to the brain, of importance in learning about the situation, and to consolidate the experience. In this review an attempt is made to provide an integrated model of CEA functioning in relation to stress and adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":75414,"journal":{"name":"Acta physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum","volume":"640 ","pages":"51-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20329777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}