{"title":"Brain Development and the Role of Experience in the Early Years.","authors":"Adrienne L Tierney, Charles A Nelson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research over the past several decades has provided insight into the processes that govern early brain development and how those processes contribute to behavior. In the following article, we provide an overview of early brain development beginning with a summary of the prenatal period. We then turn to postnatal development and examine how brain functions are built and how experience mediates this process. Specifically, we discuss findings from research on speech and on face processing. The results of this research highlight how the first few years of life are a particularly important period of development of the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":75360,"journal":{"name":"Zero to three","volume":"30 2","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3722610/pdf/nihms-227033.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31614362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zero to threePub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139021937.016
P. Bauer
{"title":"The Life I Once Remembered: The Waxing and Waning of Early Memories.","authors":"P. Bauer","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139021937.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021937.016","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most intriguing phenomena in the memory literature is infantile or childhood amnesia. The amnesia has two components: a relative paucity among adults of memories of specific past events from the first 3 to 4 years of life, and from the ages of 3 or 4 to age 7 or 8, a smaller number of memories than would be expected on the basis of forgetting alone (Pillemer and White, 1989). The amnesia made its debut in the psychological literature in 1893, with a report by C. Miles on adults’ responses to a questionnaire designed to gain information about the phenomenal experience of childhood. One of the questions included in the survey was, “What is the earliest thing you are sure you can remember? How old were you?” The average earliest memory of Miles’ 89 respondents was age 3.04 years. The amnesia was named in 1905 by Sigmund Freud, who remarked on “the peculiar amnesia which veils from most people (not from all) the first years of their childhood, usually the first six or eight years” (1905/1953, p. 581). For much of the twentieth century, efforts were made to describe the amnesia by characterizing adults’ earliest memories along dimensions of detail and completeness (highly detailed or fragmentary), perspective (first or third person), emotionality (predominantly positive, negative, or devoid of emotion), and so forth (see, e.g., Bauer, 2007; White and Pillemer, 1979, for reviews). Explanatory accounts ranged from theories of repression and “screening” of psychically unacceptable recollections (Freud, 1905/1953) to cognitive theories characterizing the ability to remember specific past events as a developmentally late achievement due to changes in representational processes (Piaget, 1962), or non-mnemonic developments, such as the dawning of autonoetic awareness (e.g., Perner and Ruffman, 1995), for example. Largely missing from the literature, however, were data on the memories of children within the age period eventually veiled by the amnesia. As a result, there was little to constrain accounts of the origins or development of the amnesia.","PeriodicalId":75360,"journal":{"name":"Zero to three","volume":"30 1","pages":"14-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/CBO9781139021937.016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57105181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annette M E Henderson, Sarah Gerson, Amanda L Woodward
{"title":"The Birth of Social Intelligence.","authors":"Annette M E Henderson, Sarah Gerson, Amanda L Woodward","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to make sense out of the actions of others is critical to people's daily functioning. Adults are social experts: They understand that people's actions are directed at goals and are driven by intentions. In this article, the authors highlight key findings from studies examining infants' understanding of human action. These findings suggest that infants come to understand that intentions and attention guide human action within the first few months of their lives. By 13 months, infants understand that intentions are specific to individuals, yet there are some actions that are shared by all individuals within a group. Taken together, the evidence suggests that infants are well on their way to becoming social experts by their second birthdays.</p>","PeriodicalId":75360,"journal":{"name":"Zero to three","volume":"28 5","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4178946/pdf/nihms469655.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32716192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zero to threePub Date : 2004-01-01DOI: 10.5860/choice.42-1695
E. Zigler, D. Singer, Sandra J. Bishop-Josef
{"title":"Children's Play: The Roots of Reading.","authors":"E. Zigler, D. Singer, Sandra J. Bishop-Josef","doi":"10.5860/choice.42-1695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-1695","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75360,"journal":{"name":"Zero to three","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71103714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}