African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Bioactive pyrrole-pyrazine derivative from a novel Bacillus species and review of the literature","authors":"M. Maria, A. Nada, Eldin A. Elhag Dia, R. P. Martín, E. Mohamed","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2021.5241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2021.5241","url":null,"abstract":"The rising antibiotic resistance is urging researchers to explore for new forms of antibiotics, notably from soil microorganisms such as Bacillus species. This study aimed to screen Bacillus strains from soil samples in Sudan for antifungal activity and to review relevant compounds from members of the genus in the literature. Out of 10 isolates from soil in Sudan, the strain JS6 (DSM 28831) was found active against representative zygomycete fungi and consequently subjected to thorough identification and chemical analyses of secondary metabolites. Confirmation of the initially identified Bacillus spp. was done using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis which indicated a novel species (accession MF099872) that is closely related to Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Bacillus nakamurai. The crude culture-free filtrate and both chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts authenticated the initial antifungal activity of this strain, which exceeded that of amphotericin B, a standard antifungal agent. GC-MS results of the extracts revealed 32 compounds which included long-chain fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, alkaloids, and alcoholic compounds. Seven biologically active compounds were identified from Bacillus spp. strain JS6 and are equally found in the literature originating from plant or microbial sources. In the literature, these compounds show various activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, nematicide, pesticide, antiandrogenic, flavour, haemolytic, alpha reductase inhibitor, and other antimicrobial activities. The analysis identified a major unique antifungal peak (rt, 23.142; area, 25.36%) as 5,10-Diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H,6Hdipyrrolo[1,2-a:1',2'-d]pyrazine, a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, that has been previously detected in Lactobacillus casei.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71126706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of prescription and inappropriate medications use in elderly patients of Makkah community in Saudi Arabia","authors":"G. Bamagous","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2020.5191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2020.5191","url":null,"abstract":"Polypharmacy and the prescription of inappropriate medications are common in elderly patients due to the high rate of morbidity in this population. However, this information is scarce about patients in this age group in Saudi Arabia. In general, this study was conducted to investigate the drug prescriptions in elderly patients in Makkah city of Saudi Arabia. This topic threw light mainly on the pattern of drug utilization and the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications in this population of patients. Data of drugs utilization in elderly patients was collected from King Abdul-Aziz hospital in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia during January and February of 2018. The 2019 updated Beers criteria were applied to identify the potentially inappropriate medications use in these patients. A total of 1256 prescriptions were found to be given to 129 elderly patients, with a 9.7 as the average number of drugs prescribed per elderly patient. Polypharmacy in this age group was very common reaching about 90% of patients. The most commonly prescribed drug was omeprazole followed by aspirin. Around 18% of drug prescriptions were considered to be inappropriate according to the 2019 updated Beers criteria. Omeprazole and aspirin were also the inappropriate drug with the highest rate of prescription. Based on the 2019 updated Beers criteria, inappropriate medications use and polypharmacy are prevalent in elderly patients in Makkah city of Saudi Arabia. More attention should be taken by health care providers as some of the commonly prescribed drugs in elderly patients are considered to be inappropriate.    \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Potentially inappropriate medications, drug prescribing, polypharmacy, elderly, geriatrics, Beers.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"386-394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41611368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of asthma disease control in Ambo University Referral Hospital: Observational cross-sectional study","authors":"Worku Degefa, Endalkachew Mekonnen Eticha, G. Umeta","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2019.5095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2019.5095","url":null,"abstract":"Over a decade, different stakeholders have engaged concerted efforts to reduce morbidity and mortality related to asthma. Despite all these efforts, substantial proportions of asthmatic patients do not achieve proper asthma control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of asthma control and to assess the factors that might influence control of the disease. The study was conducted at the Ambo University Referral Hospital which is allied with College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University and serve for a training center for postgraduates and undergraduate medical and health sciences students. The study was conducted from February to March 2019 on a sample of 82 asthmatic patients. The dependent variable was asthma disease control, according to the Global Initiative for Asthma criteria. Accordingly, patients were classified into three classes; controlled, partially controlled and uncontrolled asthma. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the poor asthma control. The results were represented as percentages in valid results. Continuous variables were represented as a mean and standard deviation (SD). The level of asthma disease control and analysis of factors associated with poor asthma control was the main outcome measure. Results revealed that a total of 82 asthmatic patients with a mean age (standard deviation [SD]) of 44.9 ± 8.9 of years were participating in the study. Only 23.2% of patients were controlled, 2.4% had partial control and 74.4% were poorly controlled. Large proportions of patients (89.02%) recruited were treated with short acting beta agonists (SABA) plus medium/high daily doses of corticosteroids.In multivariate analysis, patients having concomitant allergic rhinitis (Adjusted odds ratio= AOR: 7.87; 95% CI [1.13 - 11.75]) and chronic sinus (AOR: 13.31; 95% CI [1.57-17.40]), not used ICS (AOR: 4.45; 95% CI [1.17-9.94]) and female sex (AOR: 3.26; 95% CI [0.87-6.20]) had increased odds of uncontrolled asthma with p-value of <0.05. Thus, large proportions of patients had poorly controlled asthma. Female sex, unused inhalational corticosteroids, co-morbidities like allergic rhinitis and sinusitis significantly increased the odds of having uncontrolled asthma. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Asthma, level of asthma control, determinants, Ambo University Referral Hospital.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"378-385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45676697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of crosslinked and non-crosslinked polycaprolactone fumarate (PCLF) NPs as carriers for doxorubicin HCl","authors":"N. Shokri, H. A. Javar, S. Fouladdel, A. Khalaj, R. Dinarvand, E. Azizi","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2011.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2011.288","url":null,"abstract":"The editors of the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology (AJPP) are retracting the article, “Preparation and characterization of crosslinked and non-crosslinked polycaprolactone fumarate (PCLF) NPs as carriers for doxorubicin HCl” published in 2011 (Vol. 5(7), pp. 797-805, July 2011). This is based on evidences of text overlap (in figures and tables) between the article and those published in two other journals: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (Vol. 3(9):3106-3115, 2012) and Daru (Vol. 19(1):12-22; 2011) \u0000 \u0000 Hence, this is a case of redundant publication.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"5 1","pages":"797-805"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43855897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the elemental, nutritional and antioxidant properties of Cov-Pla herbal preparations","authors":"U. Ajima, J. Kolawole, K. D. Falang, B. Bukar, K. Amagon, J. Damen, Y. Agabi, R. J. Kutshik, I. Longdet, S. Gomerep, I. Shittu, Stephen Daniel Davou, N. Wannang","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5198","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has had a dramatic effect on human existence and still shows no sign of abating. Scientists worldwide are therefore working assiduously to get new drug treatments to help mitigate the crisis. Some of those efforts involve research to obtain Covid-19 treatments from natural sources. The present study is aimed at evaluating the elemental, nutritional and antioxidant properties of Cov-Pla1, Cov-Pla2, Cov-Pla3 and PlaBoost herbal preparations. Elemental analysis was carried out using AAS after acid digestion of the samples. Proximate analysis of the formulations was done using the official AOAC methods while the antioxidant assay was carried out using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results of the study showed that the concentration of the heavy metals in all the samples were within acceptable regulatory limits. Proximate analysis revealed that the suspensions had protein content between 1.52-1.68 % and carbohydrate content of 0.79 – 1.08 % with low content of fat, crude fibre and ash. The formulations were found to be free of microbial contamination and stable for thirty days. Antioxidant evaluation revealed that Cov-Pla3 had the strongest free radical scavenging capacity with IC50 of 27.29 µg/mL while PlaBoost had the least (IC50: 251 µg/mL). The result of the study indicates that the formulations are free of metallic and microbial contaminants. In addition, proximate analysis has established some diagnostic parameters which will aid future authentication and purity assessment of the formulations. The formulations were all found to possess considerable antioxidant activity which will provide collateral benefit in relieving oxidative stress associated with Covid-19 infection.  \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Covid-19, heavy metals, trace elements, proximate analysis, antioxidant.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"370-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48900930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wrong time medication administration errors: Frequency and their causes at Adult University Teaching Hospitals in Zambia","authors":"M. Kampamba, Tilolele Mwanza, Kennedy Saini, Hanzooma Hatwiko, Luke Biete, C. Hikaambo","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5188","url":null,"abstract":"Wrong-time medication administration errors (WTMAEs) can have serious consequences for medication safety. The study was a cross-sectional study that employed a prospective observation technique and was conducted from 4th June to 20th July 2018 at Adult University Teaching Hospital (AUTH) in the Internal Medicine and Surgery departments. A total of 1749 doses were observed being administered to 325 inpatients and the frequency of WTMAEs was 47.8% (n= 836). Further analysis of WTMAEs was performed of which early and late time medication administration errors accounted for 47.2% (n= 826) and 4.9% (n=86), respectively. In the multivariable regression model, medications administered every 6 h (QID) [AOR=5.02, 95% CI (2.66, 9.46)] were associated with a higher likelihood of being involved in WTMAE. The most common causes of early and late time medication administration errors as reported by nurses were work overload (88.9%) and change in patients’ condition (86.1%), respectively. Wrong time medication administration errors were common in the Adult Hospital at AUTH in the two departments studied. Unless effective interventions such as continuous nursing education and the recommended patient to nursing ratio are put in place, WTMAEs will continue to persist and this will in turn, continue compromising patient safety. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Wrong time medication administration errors, frequency, late medication administration errors, early medication administration errors.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"362-369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46181044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review for selecting medicinal plants commonly used for malaria in Uganda","authors":"C. O. Ajayi, A. Elujoba, F. E. M. Kasali, Mercy Gladys Tenywa, Hedmon Okella, A. Weisheit, C. Tolo, P. Ogwang","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5182","url":null,"abstract":"The menace of current cases of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs, non- availability and accessibility, and the high costs of pharmaceutical products contribute to the high rate of medicinal plants consumption in the treatment of malaria in Uganda. Different ethnobotanical surveys on medicinal plants with antimalarial properties have been conducted across different geographical regions in Uganda in order to identify and select the most commonly used antimalarial plants as candidates in the proposed national herbal pharmacopoeia. The available literature on the medicinal plants used against malaria in the western, central, eastern and northern geographical regions in Uganda was selected from reputable journals using various citation databases as guides. The commonly used antimalarial plants in the regions were searched using relevant journals on previously established ethno-botanical survey. They were then ranked in order of percentage frequency of appearance in the literature from surveys across the country. Fifteen medicinal plants were selected in this way from several antimalarial plants cited. Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica appeared most (100%), followed by Carica papaya, Mangifera indica and Hoslundia opposita with 80% appearance each across the 4 regions.The medicinal plants from this review were therefore ranked as the most used for treatment of malaria in Uganda and therefore, could be recommended for herbal pharmacopoeial standards development. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Antimalarial, medicinal plants, antiplasmodial, herbal pharmacopoeial standards.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"347-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42501206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of the aqueous ethanolic extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (RETZ) R. Br. Ex SCHULT and Sclerocarya birrea (A RICH) HOCHST","authors":"E. N. Youl, S. Nassouri, Sonia Ilboudo, Moussa Ou edraogo, C. E., Sylvain Ilboudo, Z. E. P. Dakuyo, A. Guissou","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2020.5187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2020.5187","url":null,"abstract":"Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult (Asclepiadaceae) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst (Anacardiaceae) are two plants used in Burkina Faso in traditional medicine and in the form of phytomedicine in the treatment of diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of aqueous ethanolic extracts of leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and Sclerocarya birrea on glycemia. A phytochemical screening of the extracts obtained by successive exhaustion after maceration of the leaves was carried out. The effect of these extracts was tested on basal plasma glucose and oral tolerance glucose in mice. Saponosides, tannins, flavonoids, sterol and triterpene glycosides, reducing compounds and coumarinic derivatives were found in the leaves of both plants. Alkaloids were also detected in the leaves of G. sylvestre and anthocyanosides in the leaves of S. birrea. The aqueous ethanolic extracts from leaves of G. sylvestre, S. birrea or both in combination at 100 mg/kg body per weight did not have a significant hypoglycemic effect on basal plasma glucose but significantly reduced (p<0.05; p<0.001) peak of hyperglycemia. The effect of the combination of the aqueous ethanolic extracts of the two plants on hyperglycemia is greater (47% reduction) than the effect of the aqueous ethanolic extracts of G. sylvestre (21% reduction) or S. birrea (36% reduction) alone. These results show that the combined use of G. sylvestre and S. birrea aqueous ethanolic extracts would be an asset in the treatment of diabetes. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Gymnema sylvestre, Sclerocarya birrea, oral glucose tolerance test, hypoglycemia, Antihyperglycemia.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/AJPP2020.5187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44078905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging activities of methanol extract fractions of Capparis decidua Edgew (Forssk.) (Capparidaceae)","authors":"M. Mirghani, H. Khalid, M. Mohammed, A. B. Mohamed, Amna Ali, Wadah Osman, Waleed A. Alobaid, R. Mothana","doi":"10.5897/AJPP2020.5180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2020.5180","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of different extracts and fractions of a Sudanese traditionally used plant, Capparis decidua Edgwe (Forssk.) (Capparidaceae). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity in rats, and DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) were the methods used to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of this plant respectively. The rats were injected i.p. with dichloromethane and methanol 80% extracts at 250 and 500 mg/Kg body weight by the C. decidua stem. It was found that the methanol extract showed significant hepatoprotective activity when compared with control group (CCl4 group); also its liver function parameters were as effective as the positive control (Silymarin group). Fractionation of the methanol extract of C. decidua stem was applied by using dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous solvents. The fractions were tested on CCl4- induced hepatotoxicity rats at dose 500 mg/kg body weight where ethyl acetate, DCM and n-butanol fractions showed significant hepatoprotective activity when compared with control group (CCl4 group); their liver function parameters were within the normal ranges as well as the standard drug group (silymarin group). DPPH radical scavenging activities (RSA) of DCM, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were 86, 92 and 53% respectively. These findings prove the high linkage between hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. The aqueous fraction showed very weak hepatoprotective property, and antioxidant activity (14% RSA). \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Capparis decidua Edgwe (Forssk.), methanol extract fractions, hepatoprotective activity, CCl4, DPPH.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":"14 1","pages":"316-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49121584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of methanol extract of Terminalia macroptera leaf in mice","authors":"L. Ior, S. Otimenyin, J. Gushit","doi":"10.5897/ajpp2020.5160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ajpp2020.5160","url":null,"abstract":"The plant Terminalia macroptera has been reported to possess many pharmacological activities. The aim of the present study was to screen the effect of the methanol extract of T. macroptera against ketamine-induced mice model of psychosis and the apomorphine climbing test. The behavioural studies entailed an evaluation of locomotor activity, stereotypic behaviours in the open field and stereotypic climbing behaviour, immobility duration in the forced swim test, memory retention using the Y- maze and descent latency effects on catalepsy in the woodblock of methanol extract of T. macroptera (100-400 mg/kg) administered orally. The acute toxicity study as well as the phytochemical study was also carried out. Animals treated with the methanol extract of T. macroptera demonstrated significant reduction in locomotor activity, stereotypic behaviours, immobility duration, and increase in memory retention and decreased descent latency. The LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg indicating that the extract is safe for consumption and phytochemical studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids which might be responsible for its pharmacological activity. This study concluded that methanol extract of T. macroptera could ameliorate ketamine-induced behavioural abnormalities in mice indicating its promising effect as a neuroprotective agent in the management of psychotic symptoms. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Behaviours, ketamine, neuroprotection, psychosis, stereotype, Terminalia macroptera.","PeriodicalId":7531,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5897/ajpp2020.5160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41749897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}