Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies最新文献

{"title":"Otitis media: genetic factors and sex differences.","authors":"Ellen Kvestad,&nbsp;Kari J Kvaerner,&nbsp;Espen Røysamb,&nbsp;Kristian Tambs,&nbsp;Jennifer R Harris,&nbsp;Per Magnus","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although genetic factors are recognised as major contributors to otitis media, the presence of sex differences in heritability needs clarification. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects in otitis media liability with particular focus on sex differences. Data from a cohort of Norwegian twins born between 1967 and 1979 with repeated measures on recurrent childhood otitis media were analysed. Altogether the sample included 4247 twin pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for monozygotic twins were .71 and .65 for males and females respectively. In dizygotic twins the correlations were .35 and .25 for males and females, respectively, and was.34 in opposite sexed pairs. The contribution of genetic and environmental effects was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The best fitting model showed that additive genetic effects explained 72% and 61% of the variance in males and females, respectively. The remaining variance was attributed to individual environmental effects. A model specifying equal heritability estimates for males and females yielded an almost equivalent fit. We found substantial genetic effects for liability to otitis media. There is no evidence that different sets of genes influence liability in males and females, but there may be sex differences in the relative importance of genetic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"239-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal models of reading disability: a twin study.","authors":"Rolando D Tiu,&nbsp;Sally J Wadsworth,&nbsp;Richard K Olson,&nbsp;John C DeFries","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genetic and environmental relationships among measures of phoneme awareness, naming speed, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and reading performance were investigated in 623 identical and fraternal twin pairs tested in the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center. A Cholesky decomposition analysis of these measures provided evidence supporting the double deficit hypothesis that difficulties in phonological processing and naming speed both contribute to reading disability. Additionally, the model revealed marginally significant genetic and significant non-shared environmental relationships between IQ and reading independent of naming speed and phoneme awareness. Thus a more complete causal model of reading disability should include IQ as well as measures of phonological processing and naming speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"275-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A longitudinal genetic study of vocabulary knowledge in adults.","authors":"Stéphanie M van den Berg,&nbsp;Daniëlle Posthuma,&nbsp;Dorret I Boomsma","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vocabulary test scores were obtained from a total of 997 adults, all twins or a sibling of twins in this study. Some (N = 217) individuals were tested twice, around 6 years apart. Heritability varied from 50% at the first test occasion to 63% at the second test occasion. The correlation of scores across time was.74. Structural equation modelling showed that stability in vocabulary knowledge over time can largely (around 76%) be explained by genetic factors. Part of the non-shared environmental variance was stable over time also. Any influence from shared environmental factors could not be detected. Results were similar for the two sexes, except that males generally outperformed females. Results were also similar for two age cohorts, except that the older cohort generally outperformed the younger cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"284-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Risk of Birth Defects in Dichorionic Twins Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology","authors":"T. Kuwata, S. Matsubara, A. Ohkuchi, Takashi Watanabe, A. Izumi, Y. Honma, Y. Yada, H. Shibahara, Mitsuaki Suzuki","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.223","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether dichorionic twins conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART; intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI], in vitro fertilization [IVF], gameteintrafallopian tube transfer [GIFT]) have a higher risk of birth defects compared to dichorionic twins conceived naturally. We reviewed the medical records of 406 mothers with dichorionic twin pregnancies, who received continuous antenatal care from ≤ 20 weeks of gestation and gave birth to infants after ≥ 24 weeks of gestation in our institute. Birth defects were diagnosed at the time of hospital discharge according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Occurrence of birth defects was compared between twins conceived by ART and those conceived naturally using logistic regression analysis. Overall, 51 of 812 infants (51/812 = 6.2%) had birth defects. The incidence of birth defects in ART-conceived twins was significantly higher than that of naturally conceived twins with an odds ratio of 6.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1, 22.5), 3.7 (95% CI 1.2, 12.0), and 4.3 (95% CI 1.4, 14.3) for ICSI, IVF, and GIFT, respectively. The higher frequency of birth defects in ART-conceived twins was still significant after adjusting for higher maternal age in the ART group, with an adjusted odds ratio of 6.7 (95% CI 2.1, 21.9), 3.6 (95% CI 1.1, 11.5), and 3.7 (95% CI 1.2-11.8) for ICSI, IVF, and GIFT, respectively. Dichorionic twins conceived by ART, compared to dichorionic twins conceived naturally, had a much higher risk for birth defects diagnosed at hospital discharge.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"223 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Covariation of Pelvic Organ and Elbow Mobility in Twins and their Sisters","authors":"N. Hansell, H. Dietz, S. Treloar, B. Clarke, N. Martin","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.254","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arange of environmental risk factors, with childbirth the most notable, have been associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. However, indications of genetic influence (positive family histories, ethnic differences) have prompted research into the heritability of measures of pelvic organ descent and joint mobility, which have also been associated with prolapse and incontinence. Genes appear to influence about half of the variation in these measures and, furthermore, the pelvic organ measures are associated with elbow hyperextension at a phenotypic level (r ≈ .2). We examined these measures in young, nulligravid women to determine if their association is due to a common genetic source. Data were collected from 178 Caucasian female co-twins and non-twin sisters, 50 of whom returned to be retested, which allowed reliability to be estimated and unreliable variance to be isolated in the multivariate analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic associations between latent elbow and bladder mobility factors for which heritabilities were estimated to be 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The association between these factors appeared to be mediated by common genes (genetic r =.48, non-shared environmental r = −.06), with genes influencing latent elbow mobility accounting for 14% of the variation in latent bladder mobility. We speculate that genes influencing connective tissue structure may underlie this association.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"254 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zygosity misclassification of twins at birth in Japan.","authors":"Syuichi Ooki,&nbsp;Yoshie Yokoyama,&nbsp;Akio Asaka","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Though twinning rates have been rapidly increasing in Japan, the problem of zygosity misclassification at birth has been paid little attention. By analyzing four independent samples, the authors found that at a constant rate about 25-30% of monozygotic twins were misclassified as dizygotic twins at birth. This percentage is in very good accordance with that of monozygotic twins having dizygous placenta. Generally the obstetricians informed twins' parents about their children's zygosity. The number of placentas, as informed by obstetricians, was very strongly associated with zygosity. Concluding, even now many monozygotic twins in Japan may be misclassified as dizygotic at birth by obstetricians based solely on the number of placenta.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"228-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethny and Humanity in an Age of Mass MigrationFrank Salter (December2003). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Publishing. 388 pp. USD $32.95 (paperback) ISBN 0820460648","authors":"H. Caton","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.306","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas Huxley, a man adroit with words, penned that memorable promotion of Darwin’s Origin by chiding his stupidity for not having thought of natural selection himself. I find myself in like circumstances in recommending Frank Salter’s new book. A brief historical reference will place things in perspective. Three decades ago, a band of plucky malcontents established the Politics and Life Sciences Association to assist patching the findings of the biological sciences, especially evolutionary science, into the analysis and interpretation of politics. The catchcry was “forward to human nature”, in contrast to the culture-only fashion. The Association slowly caught on and its journal, Politics and Life Sciences, climbed the ladder to professional respectability. Sociobiology, the new kid on the block in those days, was examined for its possible contribution to our efforts. It was used to help elucidate, inter alia, nepotism and nationalism, but none believed that a set of principles for “biopolitics” could be extracted from it. Salter thinks otherwise. His response to objections about what cannot be done is to just do it. He has constructed a model biopolitical science using William Hamilton’s inclusive fitness theory, supplemented by contributions of Richard Alexander, E. O. Wilson, D. S. Wilson and others. Given this unexpected development, it would be apposite for Politics and Life Sciences to organize a full dress summary article and peer commentary of Salter’s book. Alas the journal’s new management rejects all content deemed to be “unnecessarily controversial”, and the genetics of ethnicity falls afoul of that prohibition. Thus, it transpires that the one academic journal dedicated to the promotion of biopolitical science is unlikely to take serious notice of the first offering with a credible claim to have achieved that goal. In mitigation of the unkind epithet that I have applied to myself and to old colleagues, let it be said that Salter’s innovation depends on recent developments unavailable at the initial evaluation of sociobiology. The first is the genetic assay data compiled by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and collaborators over a period of decades, together with recent amendments by Bryan Sykes. These data establish a fine-grained empirical warrant for the perceptions of ethnic groups that their differences are not arbitrary preferences. Since ethnic boundaries often intergrade, these data are essential to establish the natural reality of ethnies. The second factor is the emergence of ethnic/nationality differences on the collapse of the Soviet Union. In its heyday, the Soviet Union appeared to vindicate the melting pot idea together with its lesson that ethnic differences are merely accumulated cultural preferences that may be displaced by fervent socialism. Although Soviet specialists knew that the reality did not quite match propaganda, even they were surprised by the sudden vigor and assertiveness of ethnic identities once 70 years of enfor","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"306 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic covariation of pelvic organ and elbow mobility in twins and their sisters.","authors":"Narelle K Hansell,&nbsp;Hans Peter Dietz,&nbsp;Susan A Treloar,&nbsp;Barton Clarke,&nbsp;Nicholas G Martin","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200532","url":null,"abstract":"A range of environmental risk factors, with childbirth the most notable, have been associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. However, indications of genetic influence (positive family histories, ethnic differences) have prompted research into the heritability of measures of pelvic organ descent and joint mobility, which have also been associated with prolapse and incontinence. Genes appear to influence about half of the variation in these measures and, furthermore, the pelvic organ measures are associated with elbow hyperextension at a phenotypic level (r approximately .2). We examined these measures in young, nulligravid women to determine if their association is due to a common genetic source. Data were collected from 178 Caucasian female co-twins and non-twin sisters, 50 of whom returned to be retested, which allowed reliability to be estimated and unreliable variance to be isolated in the multivariate analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic associations between latent elbow and bladder mobility factors for which heritabilities were estimated to be 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The association between these factors appeared to be mediated by common genes (genetic r = .48, non-shared environmental r = -.06), with genes influencing latent elbow mobility accounting for 14% of the variation in latent bladder mobility. We speculate that genes influencing connective tissue structure may underlie this association.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"254-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by teachers and parents.","authors":"Elina Vierikko,&nbsp;Lea Pulkkinen,&nbsp;Jaakko Kaprio,&nbsp;Richard J Rose","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined genetic and environmental contributions to the covariance between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by twins' teachers and parents. Sex-differences in these genetic and environmental contributions and rater bias/sibling interaction effects were of interest as well. Part of an ongoing nation-wide twin-family study of behavioral development and health habits, the sample consisted of 1636 Finnish twin pairs ascertained from five consecutive and complete twin birth cohorts. Data were collected at ages 11-12, using teacher and parental rating forms of the Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory. Bivariate analyses were performed using structural equation modeling allowing sex-limitation effects. Results show that, in addition to significant genetic and environmental influences specific to each behavior, aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity share common genetic and environmental etiology. Results provide evidence that both genetic and environmental factors are important in creating the observed correlation between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"261-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Longitudinal Genetic Study of Vocabulary Knowledge in Adults","authors":"S. M. van den Berg, D. Posthuma, D. Boomsma","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.284","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Vocabulary test scores were obtained from a total of 997 adults, all twins or a sibling of twins in this study. Some (N = 217) individuals were tested twice, around 6 years apart. Heritability varied from 50% at the first test occasion to 63% at the second test occasion. The correlation of scores across time was .74. Structural equation modelling showed that stability in vocabulary knowledge over time can largely (around 76%) be explained by genetic factors. Part of the non-shared environmental variance was stable over time also. Any influence from shared environmental factors could not be detected. Results were similar for the two sexes, except that males generally outperformed females. Results were also similar for two age cohorts, except that the older cohort generally outperformed the younger cohort.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"284 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}