The Central African journal of medicine最新文献

{"title":"Changes in the humoral immune responses after chemotherapy in single and co-infected individuals with Schisosoma haematobium and Plasmodium falciparum.","authors":"S. Zinyowera, C. Muchaneta-Kubara, F. Mutapi, N. Midzi, P. Ndlovu, T. Mduluza","doi":"10.4314/CAJM.V52I9-12.62595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJM.V52I9-12.62595","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To determine the effects of chemotherapy on the humoral immune responses in single and coinfected individuals with Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium falciparum.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Prospective assessment of the humoral immune responses after treatment with praziquantel for schistosomiasis and chloroquine for malaria.\u0000\u0000\u0000SETTING\u0000The study was carried out in four rural schools in Goromonzi and Mtoko districts 50km and 143km away from Harare respectively where both schistosomiasis and malaria are endemic.\u0000\u0000\u0000SUBJECTS\u0000555 school children aged 8 to 19 years; 298 from Goromonzi and 257 from Mtoko.\u0000\u0000\u0000MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES\u0000Standard ELISA assays were carried out on the sera for immmunoglobin A (IgA), immmunoglobin E (IgE), immmunoglobin M (IgM) and immmunoglobin G (IgG) against the Schistosoma haematobium soluble worm antigen (SWA), soluble egg antigen (SEA), cercaria antigen (CERCA) and the Plasmodium falciparum malaria antigen (MALA). Eosinophil count was also done on Giemsa stained smears.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Treatment resulted in a decrease of sera IgA levels against SEA in those individuals that had schistosomiasis only and there was a significant increase of sera IgE against the cercaria antigen (p < 0.05). Those that had malaria whether singly or coinfected sera IgE against MALA decreased but sera IgE against SEA increased. Sera IgE against SEA increased significantly (p < 0.05) in those that had neither infections who had been given praziquantel treatment. Eosinophilia was evident in parasitic infections.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Schistosomiasis is a problem in rural settings as in all the four schools > 50% of the pupils were infected, whilst those that were < 15 years of age had high egg intensities. There was a rise in sera IgE antibodies against SEA and CERCA in all the cases that were treated with praziquantel, an indication that treatment does alter the immune response favouring resistance to infection by Schistosoma haematobium. Those that had malaria singly or coinfected produced high levels of sera IgE against SEA an indication that malaria infection influences the cytokine environment to favour production of IgE isotypes against the schistosome egg antigen.","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":"104-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88445717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community acquired pneumonia in Port Harcourt Rivers State of Nigeria.","authors":"F.P.D. Fiberesima, A. Onwuchekwa","doi":"10.4314/CAJM.V54I1-4.62619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJM.V54I1-4.62619","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of death world wide. Knowledge of the likely pathogens and their sensitivity/resistance pattern can help in the choice of antibiotic therapy and improve outcome.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000To identify the seasonal variation; age and sex distribution; bacteriology; antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of isolates; haematological data; radiology and clinicaloutcome of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adult patients admitted to hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Prospective study.\u0000\u0000\u0000SETTING\u0000University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, and Braithwaite Memorial Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State.\u0000\u0000\u0000PATIENTS\u0000Adults admitted to the hospitals with CAP between 1 May 2002, and 30 April 2003.\u0000\u0000\u0000INTERVENTIONS\u0000A diagnostic strategy using regular collection of sputum samples for gram stain, bacteriological culture and chest radiography were done. Blood cultures were done in severe cases. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done on the positive cultures.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000During a 12 month period, 54 patients aged 16 to 82 years (mean 38.1 years) were evaluated. A total of 944 medical admissions were seen during the same period. This gives a prevalence rate of 5.7%. Twenty six classes of bacteria were isolated from the sputum of 23 patients (yield, 42.6%). Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common pathogen, was isolated in nine cases (34.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae which was present in eight (30.8%). Other isolates included, Escherichia coli, four cases (15.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three cases (11.5%), and Staphylococcus aureus, two cases (7.7%). The commonest radiological pattern was lobar consolidation (49.9%) with no Distinct pattern associated with any conventional bacterial pathogen. The isolates showed good sensitivity to the newer and more expensive antibiotics (quinolines and cephalosporines) with marked resistance to the older and cheaper ones. However, clinical responses to benzyl penicillin and gentamycin were found to be good. Out of 54 patients evaluated, four (7.4%) died.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella were common aetiological organisms of CAP in Port Harcourt. Treatment of CAP with benzyl penicillin remains an appropriate first line choice in this environment while the more expensive quinolines and cephalosporines can be used as backups.","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86502547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality in an ophthalmic ward at a tertiary eye unit in Zimbabwe.","authors":"R. Masanganise, A. Mashoko","doi":"10.4314/CAJM.V54I9-12.62627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/CAJM.V54I9-12.62627","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To review and determine the attributed causes of deaths among patients who died in Sekuru Kaguvi Hospital (SKH) Eye Unit Wards between August 1984 and October 2008\u0000\u0000\u0000STUDY DESIGN\u0000Retrospective study of completed BD12 forms and case records of inpatients who died betweenAugust 1984 and October 2008.\u0000\u0000\u0000SETTING\u0000Sekuru Kaguvi Hospital Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group ofHospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Eighty three deaths occurred in the unit during the 24 year period, 51% were females and 33.7% were children below 13 years of age. Ninety three percent of deaths among children were attributed to neoplasias, while 22% of deaths among adults were attributed to infections. Non-ophthalmic causes of deaths were seen among adults.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Malignancies are the commonest attributable causes of mortality in the Ophthalmic Wards at Sekuru Kaguvi Hospital Eye Unit. Resource mobilization is essential to improve Eye Care Services.","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"49-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76338797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haematological features in children less than 12 years on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis seen in opportunistic infection clinics at Harare and Parirenyatwa Teaching Hospitals.","authors":"P Mateveke-Kuona,&nbsp;M F Bwakura,&nbsp;J Dzangare,&nbsp;I Pazvakavambwa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the prevalence of peripheral haematological abnormalities in children receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>An outpatient hospital based cross sectional study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The study was conducted at two tertiary peadiatric HIV clinics that offer comprehensive care to children living with HIV.</p><p><strong>Subjects: </strong>202 HIV infected, antiretroviral therapy naive children aged between 3 months and 12 years who were receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for at least 1 month with more than95% adherence to prophylaxis were included.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Haematological abnormalities on full blood count and peripheral film.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of anaemia was 62% with normocytic normochromic anaemia being the most frequent type (45%). The commonest red blood cell abnormality was rouleaux formation on the peripheral film. Monocytosis occurred in 62%, leucopaenia in 39%, eosinophilia in 34%, neutropaenia in 18% and lymphopaenia in 10% of the children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed a high prevalence ofhaematological abnormalities in HIV infected children on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. It emphasizes the need for evaluation for anaemia and its management in children on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 9-12","pages":"51-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31279989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low level technology tool (LLTT) in screening for blindness: test qualities in the outpatients department of a tertiary eye unit using the Snellen chart.","authors":"R Masanganise,&nbsp;S Rusakaniko,&nbsp;N Manjonjori","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To validate the use of finger counting (low level technology tool) in screening for blindness in the outpatients department of a tertiary eye unit with the view of employing the test for screening illiterate people in hard to reach parts of the country where the conventional visual acuity charts are not available.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Aperformance evaluation of counting fingers (LLTT) in screening for blindness against the standard test (Snellen chart).</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Hospital, Zimbabwe.</p><p><strong>Subjects: </strong>Patients presenting to the Eye Outpatient Department at Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit with various eye problems.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure: </strong>Sensitivity of low level technology tool (LLTT) in identifying blind people.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sensitivity and specificity of LLTT in detecting blindness in all age groups combined was 100% and 88.5% respectively. Although sensitivity was not affected by patient age, specificity decreased with increasing age. The overall positive predictive value for the test was 53.3% and the prevalence of blindness among outpatient attendees was 11.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Finger counting is an effective tool that can be employed in screening for blindness in communities which are hard to reach, have low literacy rate and when conventional methods of testing visual acuity are not available.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 9-12","pages":"63-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31279994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An audit of malaria mortality using the \"malaria death investigation form\" at United Bulawayo Hospitals, Zimbabwe: 1996-2000.","authors":"T K Mudiayi,&nbsp;M Tshimanga","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify the main causes of confirmed malaria deaths and assess the validity and the relevance of use of the MDIF in determining areas for improvement of care.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross sectional study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>United Bulawayo Hospitals, a tertiary hospital in Zimbabwe.</p><p><strong>Subjects: </strong>Patients whose cause of death was malaria using MIDF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 470 confirmed cases admitted in UBH during the study period, 53 (11.2%) died and were included in the study. Most deaths occurred in the over 15 years age group (88.6%) with only 3 deaths each in the other groups. All patients were referred or admitted to UBH with complicated and severe malaria; 39(74 %) had more than one complication such as CM and acute renal failure (ARP). Most patients came from or had visited a rural area and did not implement basic prophylactic and therapeutic measures put in place by the NMCP such as early self-medication. Three pregnant women aborted. Guidelines regarding investigations and treatment were not strictly adhered to. Delay in seeking treatment and in referring was generally observed at all levels of the health system. Cases of malaria deaths were found in the city in people who had not travelled to rural area. The MDIF was used in one case only.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria mortality accounted for 11 % of confirmed cases. Main causes of death were CM and ARP Parameters contained in the MDIF were those utilised by most authors who have investigated malaria mortality in Africa and there was a similarity in the observations. In view of the information it could provide if properly used, the MDIF is a valid tool for collecting data that the NMCP needs in order to rationalise its strategies at UBH and in other health facilities. Its use should be generalised and compulsory.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 9-12","pages":"56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31279918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agnathia-synotia-microstomia (otocephaly): a case report in an African woman.","authors":"H A Mujuru,&nbsp;A Marume,&nbsp;S Shumbairerwa,&nbsp;A Ndhlovu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharyngeal arches appear in the 4th and 5th weeks of development of the human embryo. The 1st pharyngeal arch develops into the incus and malleus, premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone; part of the temporal bone, the mandible and it contributes to the formation of bones of the middle ear. The musculature of the 1st pharyngeal arch includes muscles of mastication, anterior belly of the digastric mylohyoid, tensor tympani and tensor palatini. The second pharyngeal arch gives rise to the stapes, styloid process of the temporal bone, stylohyoid ligament, the lesser horn and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone. The stapedius muscle, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric, auricular and muscles of facial expressional all derive from the 2nd pharyngeal arch. Otocephaly has been classified as a defect of blastogenesis, with structural defects primarily involving the first and second branchial arch derivatives. It may also result in dysmorphogenesis of other midline craniofacial field structures, such as the forebrain and axial body structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 9-12","pages":"66-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31279992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual distribution of births and deaths outcomes at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe.","authors":"S A Feresu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess socio-demographic and reproductive/obstetric risk factors for stillbirth, preterm births and low birth weight (LBW). To explore the probability of death at birth by antenatal care attendance, and by delivery with a Caesarean section.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Using information available in obstetric records, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data, covering a twelve month period.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe</p><p><strong>Subjects: </strong>All deliveries (17,174 births) occurring from October 1997 to September 1998</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Stillbirth, preterm births and LBW.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The annual stillbirth rate was 57 per 1000, preterm birth 215 per 1000 and LBW was 243 per 1000 total births. Women delivering stillbirths, preterm births and LBW infants were less likely to attend antenatal care (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 2.56 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.18 to 3.00, RR= 3.02 95% CI: 2,77 to 3.29, and RR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.58-3.60), or to be deliveredby Caesarean section (RR= 0.61; 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.76, RR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.76 and RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.75 to 0.90), but more likely to deliver a breech (RR = 3.17; 95% CI: 2.62 to 3.85, RR = 4.16; 95% CI: 3.72 to 4.64 and RR = 5.34; 95% CI: 4.88 to 5.85), respectively. Stillbirths were more likely to be a preterm birth (RR = 6.53; 95% CI: 5.65 to 7.79) or a LBW infant (RR= 6.42; 95% CI: 5.49 to 7.52).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The annual frequency of poor birth outcomes at Harare Maternity Hospital, which is a referral hospital, also catering for a proportion of patients coming from distant health centers and from rural areas, is high. This high prevalence of birth outcomes is associated with lack of prenatal care, and breech delivery. Infants born too early or small have an increased risk of mortality. Early prenatal care, improved obstetric care, accessibility to care, use of emergency care services, and early access to Caesarean section, could save life, and could assist in reducing the frequency of poor birth outcomes in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 5-8","pages":"30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31280534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postoperative fatal hypothermia in hydranencephaly with pre-operative hypothermia and a nerve palsy: a case report and review of the literature.","authors":"A Musara,&nbsp;K K N Kalangu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydranencephaly is a rare condition characterised by complete or near complete absence of the cerebral hemispheres within relatively normal sized meninges and skull, the resulting cavity being filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The following is a case report of a five month old hydranencephalic child with right upper motor facial nerve palsy who presented with signs of hydrocephalus who developed intractable hypothermia rapidly post ventriculo-peritoneal shunt insertion and demised. Her preoperative condition was associated with hypothermia.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 5-8","pages":"44-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31280537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV infected in patients at a referral hospital.","authors":"S Khoza,&nbsp;V Mkudu,&nbsp;J Mthethwa,&nbsp;R Bulaya-Tembo,&nbsp;C F B Nhachi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the extent of use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in the prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Parirenyatwa Hospital, a major referral and teaching hospital.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A retrospective study.</p><p><strong>Subjects: </strong>234 HIV infected patients admitted between January and June 2004, with a history of symptoms falling into the WHO stage 3 AIDS, were included.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, PCP prevalence, and mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>234 patients' records were reviewed and 19% of the patients had received cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. PCP prevalence was 36% which was diagnosed mainly by clinical examination and sometimes with the additional help of chest X-rays. Of those who were on prophylaxis, 75% were on primary prophylaxis and the rest on secondary prophylaxis. All patients on prophylaxis were using cotrimoxazole, with the 960 mg once daily dosing being the most common regimen (96%). Receiving prophylaxis was associated with being female (p = 0.0067), widowed (p = 0.012), and taking ARV therapy (p = 0.0026). Prophylaxis significantly reduced mortality (p = 0.0017). The development of PCP was associated with a history oftuberculosis relapse (p = 0.022).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is important in reducing hospital admissions due to opportunistic infections and increasing survival especially in areas with limited access to antiretroviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":74979,"journal":{"name":"The Central African journal of medicine","volume":"56 5-8","pages":"26-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31280533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}