American Journal of BioScience最新文献

{"title":"Parametric and Non-parametric Procedures for Identifying Stable and Adapted Tropical Maize Genotypes in NLB Disease Infested Environments","authors":"Akinlolu O. Ohunakin, Odiyi Alex C., Akinyele Benjamin O., Fayeun Lawrence Stephen, Alake Gideon Collins","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20210906.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20210906.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83731959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration and Evaluation of Lohmann Brown Chicken Breed Under Small Scale Farmers Condition at Hawassa Zuria Woreda Sidama Region","authors":"Sidirak Sintayehu, Bangu Bekele., Fasili Nigatu","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20210906.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20210906.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84388532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Viruses in Hard Ticks (Ixodidae) from Select Areas of a Wildlife-livestock Interface Ecosystem at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania","authors":"Donath Damian, Modester Damas, J. Wensman, M. Berg","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200806.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200806.12","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the recent emerging infectious diseases have occurred due to the transmission of the viruses that have wildlife reservoirs. Arthropods, such as ticks, are known to be important vectors for spreading viruses and other pathogens from wildlife to domestic animals and humans. In the present study, we explored the diversity of viruses in hard ticks (Ixodidae) from select areas of a wildlife-livestock interface ecosystem at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania using a metagenomic approach. cDNA and DNA were amplified with random amplification and Illumina high-throughput sequencing was performed. The high-throughput sequenced data was imported to the CLC genomic workbench and trimmed based on quality (Q = 20) and length (≥ 50). The trimmed reads were assembled and annotated through Blastx using Diamond against the National Center for Biotechnology Information non-redundant database and its viral database. The MEGAN Community was used to analyze and to compare the taxonomy of the viral community. The obtained contigs and singletons were further subjected to alignment and mapping against reference sequences. The viral sequences identified were classified into bacteria, vertebrates, and invertebrates, plants, and protozoans viruses. Sequences related to known viral families; Retroviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Chuviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Totiviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Parvoviridae, Caulimoviridae, Mimiviridae and several Phages were reported. This result indicates that there are many viruses present in the study region, which we are not aware of and do not know the role they have or if they have the potential to spread to other species and cause diseases. Therefore, further studies are required to delineate the viral community present in the region over a large scale.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"58 1","pages":"150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79008674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Overweight and Obesity Among Office Public Servants in Case of Bahir Dar City Administration Public Sectors, Ethiopia","authors":"Sefineh Fenta, Anteneh Mengst, Anteneh Kassa, Selam Andualem","doi":"10.11648/J.BIO.20200806.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BIO.20200806.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for various chronic health problems. Civil servants are exposed to the sedentary lifestyle, and some of these jobs are characterized by sitting for a long period of time. Therefore, civil servants become susceptible to developing overweight/obesity, but little was researched on behalf of office civil servants. Method: Institution based cross-sectional study using Simple random sampling method was used to select 365 office civil servants working in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia in 2020. The data was collected by using semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. The data were entered in to Epi-data and analyzed on SPSS. Result: The prevalence of overweight or obesity was 30.83% among office public servants in case of Bahir Dar city. Obesity or overweight is associated with more than three times meal per day [AOR=4.34, 95% CI [2.22–8.33], regular physical exercise or intensive activity at work place or at home [AOR= 3.84, 95% CI 1.37–11.11], recline or by sitting within a day (sedentary behavior) [AOR= 10 95% CI 4.16–50.00]. Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of overweight or obesity was high among office civil servant workers in Bahir Dar city. Burden of overweight or obesity in this area is associated with time spent by sitting per day, meal consumption frequency, lunch consumption frequency and high intensity regular physical exercise which deserves sector wise integrated occupational health program in the work place to decrease identified risk factors of overweight or obesity.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"25 1","pages":"116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76876805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Assessment of Oil Used for Frying of Potato Chips: In the Case of Wolkite University Community","authors":"Solomon Duguma, G. Abebaw","doi":"10.11648/j.bio.20200805.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20200805.12","url":null,"abstract":"Frying is an old and widely used method of cooking and processing food. Typically, a food is immersed in heated oil for a short duration in a process known as immersion-oil frying. Consumers tend to associate color with flavor, safety, storage time, nutrition, and level of satisfaction, due to the fact that color correlates well with physical, chemical, and sensorial evaluations of food quality. Indicators of poor oil quality include elevated FFA, low smoke point, change of color, low iodine value, peroxide value, total polar material, high foaming properties and increased viscosity. Deep frying and the use of recycled oil for many times is a commonly practiced in commercial and sometimes in domestic cooking processes. The way of this cooking method may create a lipid peroxidation product which brings harm to human health. Quality assessment of oil used for frying of potato chips in the case of Wolkite university community studied. The result of physicochemical properties of oil were investigated from sample selected randomly around Wolkite town and these are free fatty acid, peroxide value, smoking point and iodine value of recycled oils was higher than the recommended values. The strength of current evidence makes it reasonable to recommend complete avoidance of fried foods or at most infrequent to moderate fried food consumption within the context of an overall healthy dietary pattern around Wolkite town. Generally, the present study shows the recycled oil used were not as standards of FAO and also the people of fried food makers were not having awareness about the impacts of recycled oils.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"86 1","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86717489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Tea (Camellia sinensis) Diseases in Southwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Nagassa Dechassa, Gabissa Gidissa, L. Hagos, M. Zakir, Lemi Beksisa, Melaku Adisu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200806.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200806.11","url":null,"abstract":"Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most commonly consumed beverages next to water worldwide. However its production and productivity is constrained by many fungal diseases in Ethiopia. Despite this, there is lack of information on the status of the diseases and lack of knowledge on features of the pathogens associated with the diseases as there have been no any systematic assessments conducted so far. Therefore, the current works were designed with the objectives to assess the distribution of tea diseases and identify the associated pathogens. For this purpose, field surveys were carried out across three tea estate farms (Wushwush, Chewaka and Gumaro) and tea out growers surrounding them in Kafa, Sheka and Ilu Aba Bora zones in Southwest Ethiopia during the 2019 season. Causative pathogens of the diseases were identified using cultural and morphological features. The average Fusarium wilt incidence varied from (0 to 20%), Black rot (7-15%), Bird’s eye spot (4-15%), Brown blight (2-5%) and Grey blight (0.5-5%) while mean disease severity of Black rot, Eye spot, Brown blight and Grey blight ranged from 4-11%, 3-9%, 1-5% and 0.5-5%, respectively. Fusarium wilt, black rot disease and eye spot diseases of tea directly related to tea yield loss. Algal leaf spot disease caused by Cephaleuros virescens was observed at Gumaro tea estate farm on the older leaves of aged tea bushes. The present study revealed the economic importance of tea diseases in Southwest Ethiopia. Future research should be directed towards the investigation and determination of management options for the control of important diseases of tea in the country.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"9 1","pages":"139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84266702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthy Monozygotic Twins Born from a Vitrified Blastocyst Derived from a Vitrified Oocyte, and a Highly Efficient Vitrification for Freezing Human Oocytes and Blastsocysts","authors":"Shaohua Huang, Christina Miao, Sammy Sun, S. Toma","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200805.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200805.12","url":null,"abstract":"We used simplified oocyte/embryo vitrification and warming protocols (Irvine Scientific) combined with vitristraws (SciTech Invention) to freeze and thaw human oocytes and blastsocysts. Throughout the year of 2014, twelve recipients were transferred embryos developed from vitrified donor oocytes, and fourteen recipients were transferred embryos developed from fresh donor oocytes at the North Carolina center for reproductive medicine (NCCRM). There were no statistically significant differences in donor age (25.9 ± 3.6 vs 24.9 ± 3.2) and recipient age (43.0 ± 5.4 vs 41.4 ± 6.8), fertilization rates (86.2% vs 87.0%), blastocyst development rates (50.0% vs 53.8%), number of embryo transferred (1.7 ± 0.8 vs 1.9 ± 0.4), clinical pregnancy rates per transfer (75.0% vs 71.4%) and live birth rates per transfer (66.7% vs 57.1%) between vitrified and fresh oocyte cycles, respectively. The results demonstrate that vitrification techniques can be used to cryopreserve human oocytes for future use. We are also reporting the live birth of healthy monozygotic twins resulted from a re-vitrified blastocyst derived from a vitrified oocyte. Oocytes from a 30-year-old donor were vitrified in vitristraws. Seven out of eight oocytes survived after thawing on November 16, 2013. Those seven oocytes were inseminated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) at about 2 hours post thawing. All seven oocytes were tested as fertilized by pronuclear check at 18 hours after ICSI. Those fertilized oocytes showed normal cleavage on day 2 and day 3. Four of them developed to blastsocysts by culturing in continuous single culture medium in a tri-gas incubator for 5 days. Two blastsocysts were transferred to a 43-year-old recipient, but that did not result in a pregnancy. The other two blastsocysts were re-vitrified in a vitristraw. The re-vitrified blastsocysts were thawed and then transferred to the same recipient on May 8, 2014. The patient achieved a normal pregnancy on her second transfer. On June 14, 2014, an ultrasound scan detected two heartbeats in one gestational sac. Two healthy monozygotic boys (weighing 2466g and 2353g) were born on January 13, 2015. To our knowledge, this is the first report of monozygotic twins born from an embryo by twice vitrification at oocyte and blastocyst stage.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"34 1","pages":"132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87634858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Insect Pollinators in Gozamin District of Amhara Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Manaye Misganaw, Girma Mengesha, Tesfaye Awas","doi":"10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200805.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJBIO.20200805.11","url":null,"abstract":"Pollination is one of a valuable ecosystem services in the maintenance of biodiversity and ensures the survival of plant species. Therefore, Insect pollinators’ diversity and their role in the ecosystem are not sufficiently recorded; thus, conducting assessment of their diversity and roles helps to recognize the economic and ecological value of insect pollination, and potential impacts of the loss of insect pollinators. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to assess and identify insect pollinators’ diversity and frequently visited plant species in cropland and natural habitat of the study area. Transect sampling and direct field observation was used to collect data. The abundance of insect pollinators from the three study sites were sampled systematically using two transects one along the Shrubland and the other on farmland habitat. A total of 60 transect sample plots 30 in the farmland and 30 in the Shrubland habitats were observed in the study areas. A total of 34 insect pollinator species were identified. The most frequently recorded insect pollinator was Apis mellifera in Shrubland (60.4%) and farmland (67.3%). Insect diversity of the Shrubland was higher (H’=1.72) than farmland (H’=1.514). Similarly, evenness was higher in the Shrubland (J’=0.5485) as compared to farmland (J’=0.4974) which is somehow even distribution in both habitats. To understand the most visited plants by insect pollinators 40 wild plants and 4 crop species were identified. Among the sampled plants Crassocephalum macropappurn was the most frequently visited plant by different insect pollinators while Guizotia abyssinica was the most frequently visited among the sampled crops. The study has shown occurrence of diverse insect pollinators and plant species visited by insect pollinators as function of ecosystem services in the area.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"301 1","pages":"123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82305259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as Affected by NP Fertilizer and Planting Method on Yield and Yield Related Traits in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"Gezahegn Assefa, Sintayehu Girma, Dereje Deresa","doi":"10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajbio.20200804.13","url":null,"abstract":"Hot Pepper is an important food and cash crop in eastern Ethiopia including Daro labu and Boke Districts of West Hararghe Zone. A field experiment was conducted in Daro labu and Boke Districts, under rainfed during 2016-2017 cropping season, with the objectives of to determine the influence of NP fertilizers rates and method of planting on the yield and yield components of hot pepper and to estimate the cost-benefit of application fertilize rates and planting method in hot pepper production. Mareko fana variety, which is the dominant hot pepper variety produced in the area was used as planting material for the study, The treatments consisted of five combined rates of Nitrogen and phosphorus (0/0, 41/46, 61/69, 82/92 and 102/115 kg level of N/P2O5 ha-1) and three methods of planting (broadcasting, drilling and transplanting method) were used. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a 5 x 3 factorial arrangement and replicated three times. From the combined analysis of variance over the location, the result revealed that the two main factors fertilizer rates and planting method had a significant effect on all traits, except that fertilizer and planting method had a non-significant effect on fruit diameter, from interaction effect of fertilizer rates and planting methods, the highest mean of plant height (64.24cm), canopy diameter (44.15cm) and fruit number (26.70) per plant were obtained from 102/115kg N/P ha-1 in combined with drilling planting method. The highest fruit length (9.33cm), diameter (3.92), weight (2.82 gm), marketable (2.05t/ha) and total yield (2.26 t/ha) were recorded from plots that received 102/115 kg N/P ha-1 fertilizers combined with drilling planting method, while the lowest dry pod yield (0.55t/ha) was obtained from plot received control 0/0 kg NP ha-1 combined with transplanting method. While the highest unmarketable fruit yield (0.42 t/ha) was recorded from control (0/0) with the broadcasting method. Moreover, Partial budget analysis result has shown that application of 102/115 kg N/P ha-1 fertilizer rate with combined with drilling planting method was found to be economically viable with net income 71572.25 of Birr ha-1 with 265.28% marginal rate of return was obtained from the application of 102/115 kg N/P ha-1 fertilizer rate combined with drilling sowing method. Therefore, it could be recommended for the production of hot pepper crops in the study area and similar agro ecology.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"43 1","pages":"113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75109099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal Count Data Analysis of Factors Affecting Epileptic Seizure of Patients in Case of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"B. H. Regesa, G. Mekebo","doi":"10.11648/J.BIO.20200804.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.BIO.20200804.11","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the world is fighting epileptic seizure disease in unity and patients are getting treatment, it continued to be a serious health issue for parts of the world and a large number of patients are being registered every year. The main objective of this study was to identify associated risk factors affecting the progression of patients in Gondar Referral Hospital. In this longitudinal count data analysis, data was collected from 337 epileptic seizure patients registered for treatment from January 1, 2016 to April 30, 2018 in the Hospital and Poisson, Poisson-gamma, Poisson-Normal and Poisson-Gamma-Normal models were applied to the data. Poisson-Gamma-Normal model with random intercept was selected as a best model to fit the data based on different model selection criteria. The findings of the study revealed that time, brain injury, treatment, interaction of time with residence and interaction of time with brain injury were significant factors for epileptic seizure of the patients. Minimization of epileptic seizure of patients in response to treatment was observed, which means the patients were at decreased epileptic seizure when enrolled for treatment. Therefore, patients should be encouraged to stay on treatment.","PeriodicalId":7478,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of BioScience","volume":"3 1","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78331924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}