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Tracheostomy and home ventilation in children 儿童气管切开术和家庭通气
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00220-8
Raouf S. Amin , Cynthia M. Fitton
{"title":"Tracheostomy and home ventilation in children","authors":"Raouf S. Amin ,&nbsp;Cynthia M. Fitton","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00220-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00220-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The last 30 years have brought a significant emphasis on home care for ventilator-dependent children. While the movement was driven by the desire to minimize healthcare costs, the advancements in medical knowledge and technology, and the change in the perception of a ventilator-dependent child have offered a fertile environment for the development of programs that support the chronic care of ventilator-dependent children at home (N. Engl. J. Med. 309(21) (1983) 1319; J. Pediatr. 106(5) (1985) 850; N. Engl. J. Med. 310(17) (1984) 1126; JAMA 258(23) (1987) 3398). In addition, the advances in medical and nursing care have led to the steady increase in the number of children with chronic respiratory failure and development of multi-disciplinary teams experienced and dedicated to the care of these children. Another trend that has also contributed to the rise in the number of pediatric patients using long-term mechanical ventilation is the parental expectation of long-term survival of their child. This parental expectation continues to grow as the effect of long-term mechanical ventilation on quality of life and longer survival becomes more evident. The primary indication for use of home mechanical ventilation is chronic respiratory failure (CRF) as indicated by hypoxemia and or hypercapnia. CRF is considered to be a condition persisting for greater than 1 month and requiring mechanical ventilation during part or all of the day to provide adequate gas exchange for the support of vital function (Chest 103(5) (1993) 1463).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00220-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24425551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 63
Health and hospitalisations after discharge in extremely low birth weight infants 出生体重极低婴儿出院后的健康和住院情况
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00221-X
Lex W. Doyle , Geoffrey Ford , Noni Davis
{"title":"Health and hospitalisations after discharge in extremely low birth weight infants","authors":"Lex W. Doyle ,&nbsp;Geoffrey Ford ,&nbsp;Noni Davis","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00221-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00221-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Apart from higher rates of mortality and adverse neurosensory outcome, extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight 500–999<!--> <!-->g) children have more hospital readmissions and other health problems in the early years after discharge than do normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight &gt;2499<!--> <!-->g) children. Respiratory illnesses, including lower respiratory infections, are the dominant cause for hospital readmission. ELBW survivors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) have even more ill-health and hospital readmissions than do ELBW survivors without BPD. ELBW survivors require closer surveillance after discharge, not only for adverse neurosensory outcome, but also for other general health problems in early childhood.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00221-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24425552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 92
Sudden unexpected deaths after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit 新生儿重症监护病房出院后突然意外死亡
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00222-1
Peter J. Fleming, Peter S. Blair
{"title":"Sudden unexpected deaths after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit","authors":"Peter J. Fleming,&nbsp;Peter S. Blair","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00222-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00222-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The published evidence on the risk of sudden unexpected death in infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is reviewed, together with the relevance of the various identified potentially modifiable post-natal risk factors, particularly sleeping position. Infants of low birthweight, short gestation, and those with adverse perinatal histories are at substantially increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), but the potential benefits from following the measures designed to reduce the risk of SIDS are proportionally greater than for term infants. The use of home apnoea monitors has not been shown to be of value in preventing SIDS, but the importance of maintaining adequate oxygenation in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia is emphasised. Evidence based recommendations for care of infants after discharge from the NICU with a view to reducing the risk of SIDS are presented, and do not differ significantly from those for low-risk infants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 159-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00222-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24425554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Guest editors' introduction 特邀编辑介绍
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00224-5
Robert Primhak, Michael Smith
{"title":"Guest editors' introduction","authors":"Robert Primhak,&nbsp;Michael Smith","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00224-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00224-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 2","pages":"Page 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00224-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138230121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Growth and nutrition after discharge 出院后的生长和营养
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00141-0
Mary S. Fewtrell
{"title":"Growth and nutrition after discharge","authors":"Mary S. Fewtrell","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00141-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00141-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Preterm infants are frequently discharged from hospital growth retarded and show reduced growth during childhood. However, nutrition during the post-discharge period has been neglected. Randomized trials show growth benefits, particularly in boys, when nutrient-enriched diets (preterm formula or post-discharge formula) rather than term formula are fed after discharge, with effects persisting beyond the intervention period. These findings suggest that post-discharge period may be a critical time for influencing the growth trajectory, but further research is required to investigate longer-term effects on growth, health and development. Preterm infants who are breast-fed after discharge show slower weight and length gain and lower bone mass than formula-fed infants. Further studies should establish whether differences persist or have long-term consequences, and clarify whether such infants would benefit from post-discharge nutritional supplementation. The introduction of solids may have a significant effect on growth and nutritional status, but insufficient data are currently available for evidence-based guidelines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 2","pages":"Pages 169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00141-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24425555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
Corticosteroids in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia 皮质类固醇在支气管肺发育不良的预防和治疗中的作用
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00189-6
David G Grier , Henry L Halliday
{"title":"Corticosteroids in the prevention and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","authors":"David G Grier ,&nbsp;Henry L Halliday","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00189-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00189-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Corticosteroids were first prescribed for preterm neonates to treat respiratory distress syndrome, but they were found to have no beneficial effect in this disorder. About 20 years ago, dexamethasone was first used to treat infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who were ventilator dependent after the age of 3 weeks. There were short-term benefits, with an improvement in lung function and a facilitation of endotracheal extubation. During the 1990s, corticosteroid treatment, mainly with dexamethasone in relatively high doses, became very common in neonatal intensive care units. Towards the end of the decade, however, follow-up studies provided evidence of abnormal neurodevelopment, especially in infants treated early (&lt;4 days) with dexamethasone. The precise cause of these neurodevelopmental problems is unclear, but until further evidence has been obtained, the early use of dexamethasone cannot be recommended for preterm infants. This review attempts to provide evidence-based guidelines for postnatal steroid therapy in the management of chronic lung disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 83-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00189-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22316852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 49
Lung development—the effects of chronic hypoxia 肺发育-慢性缺氧的影响
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00195-1
Sheila G. Haworth, Alison A. Hislop
{"title":"Lung development—the effects of chronic hypoxia","authors":"Sheila G. Haworth,&nbsp;Alison A. Hislop","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00195-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00195-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic hypoxia compromises the development of both airways and pulmonary vasculature following exposure before or after birth. It also impairs adaptation to extrauterine life. The immediate morbidity and mortality is high, and long-term sequelae in terms of lung structure, and thus function, are common, particularly in premature infants. Chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia can develop with or without cor pulmonale. The extensive fibrotic disease of classical bronchopulmonary dysplasia has become uncommon with the development of improved treatment strategies, but the development of the lung periphery can still be compromised as more immature babies survive. This article highlights the landmarks of normal lung development together with the principal established and newly recognized features of exposure to chronic hypoxic in the young. In doing so, it indicates promising areas for research activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00195-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22315899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 69
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition 支气管肺发育不良:发病机制、流行病学和定义的变化
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6
Eduardo Bancalari, Nelson Claure, Ilene R.S Sosenko
{"title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition","authors":"Eduardo Bancalari,&nbsp;Nelson Claure,&nbsp;Ilene R.S Sosenko","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) continues to be one of the most common long-term complications associated with preterm birth. Its incidence is increasing as the survival of extreme premature infants improves, but its clinical presentation is milder than the original description of Northway and collaborators. In contrast to the classic BPD that was strongly related to mechanical injury and oxygen toxicity, current forms of the condition are more related to immaturity, perinatal infection and inflammation, persistent ductus arteriosus and disrupted alveolar and capillary development. Many different definitions of BPD have been proposed, most of which are based on the duration of supplemental oxygen requirement. The different definitions can produce strikingly different incidence figures, which may account for the wide variations in the condition reported in the literature. Some of the limitations of the criteria most commonly used to diagnose BPD are discussed in this article.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00192-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22315905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 417
Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia 炎症和支气管肺发育不良
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00190-2
Christian P. Speer
{"title":"Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","authors":"Christian P. Speer","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00190-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00190-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pulmonary inflammation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This inflammatory process, induced by multiple risk factors, is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells, cytokines and an arsenal of additional humoral mediators in the airways and pulmonary tissue of preterm infants with the condition. Several mediators have a direct detrimental effect on pulmonary structures by affecting cell integrity and inducing apoptosis. An imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors can generally be considered to be a hallmark of lung injury. Intrauterine exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines or antenatal infection may prime the fetal lung such that minimally injurious postnatal events provoke an excessive pulmonary inflammatory response that most certainly affects normal alveolization and pulmonary vascular development in preterm infants with BPD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00190-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22315902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 239
Antenatal factors and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia 产前因素与支气管肺发育不良的发展
Seminars in neonatology : SN Pub Date : 2003-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00188-4
Alan H. Jobe
{"title":"Antenatal factors and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","authors":"Alan H. Jobe","doi":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00188-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00188-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The lung of the preterm fetus is often exposed to antenatal glucocorticoids, and histologic chorioamnionitis is frequent. Clinically and experimentally, antenatal glucocorticoids and/or chorioamnionitis are associated with early lung maturation, but in experimental models, both glucocorticoids and intra-uterine inflammation decrease alveolarization. Experimental chorioamnionitis also can amplify the inflammatory response of the preterm lung to mechanical ventilation. In this article, the hypothesis developed is that bronchopulmonary dysplasia occurs because of repetitive adverse lung exposures, or hits, and that the initial hits may be antenatal glucocorticoid exposure and/or antenatal inflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74783,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in neonatology : SN","volume":"8 1","pages":"Pages 9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1084-2756(02)00188-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22315900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 167
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