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The Impact of Immune Checkpoint-Inhibitors Therapy in Urinary Bladder Cancer 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗对癌症的影响
Onco Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.3390/ONCO1010002
Anabel Silva, P. Abreu-Mendes, D. Martins, F. Mendes
{"title":"The Impact of Immune Checkpoint-Inhibitors Therapy in Urinary Bladder Cancer","authors":"Anabel Silva, P. Abreu-Mendes, D. Martins, F. Mendes","doi":"10.3390/ONCO1010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ONCO1010002","url":null,"abstract":"Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. From an early age, it was observed that chronic inflammation is associated with conditions favorable to the development of tumors, as well as the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, regulating tumor progression also interferes with the therapy’s response. The interaction between the tumor and the immune system led to the development of new immune therapies, the immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy has shown a better safety profile, survival, and tolerance compared to standard chemotherapy. This therapy offers an effective alternative to patients who are ineligible for cisplatin and patients with advanced disease progression after platinum-based therapy. The first immunotherapy approved for BC was intravesical instillation with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, for tumors at early stages. Later, immunotherapy focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors, namely, anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-programmed cell death protein ligand 1(PD-L1), and anti-antigen 4 associated with cytotoxic T cells (CTLA-4). Currently, five immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced BC are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab, Pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab. This review addresses the correlation between inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and cancer; various studies regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors, either in monotherapy or in combination therapy, are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":74339,"journal":{"name":"Onco","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/ONCO1010002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44684339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Synthetic Inhibitors of CDK4/6 Activities and Tumor Suppression: A Preface to the Special Issue CDK4/6活性合成抑制剂与肿瘤抑制:特刊前言
Onco Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/ONCO1010001
C. Takahashi, J. Kato
{"title":"Synthetic Inhibitors of CDK4/6 Activities and Tumor Suppression: A Preface to the Special Issue","authors":"C. Takahashi, J. Kato","doi":"10.3390/ONCO1010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ONCO1010001","url":null,"abstract":"The status of RB1 in cancer may help us determine the optimal therapeutic approach to patients [...]","PeriodicalId":74339,"journal":{"name":"Onco","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/ONCO1010001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43903470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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