{"title":"Urban metabolic flow in China’s megacities doubled by material stock accumulation since the 21st century","authors":"Chenling Fu, Tianjie Deng, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00132-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00132-x","url":null,"abstract":"Buildings, infrastructure, and durable goods play a critical role in urbanization, akin to bones and muscles that structure the human body. These stocks contribute to the exploitation of over half of the world’s resources and offer potential “urban mining” sources. However, the process of resource transformation regarding urban material stock growth and material flow alteration remains unclear. The metaphor of urban metabolism provides a new perspective to dissect this process, but current studies often spotlight only specific fragments, such as certain end-use types or materials. This study bridges this gap by establishing a comprehensive level-to-level analysis of urban “bone-muscle” metabolism in China’s megacities. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of urban metabolism in China’s megacities, tracking the lifecycle of material stock across over a hundred distinct end-use types and 12 categories of materials. Results indicate that annual metabolic flow in these cities has doubled since the early 21st century, reaching 264–737 Mt in 2018, with manufacturing, construction, and transportation as primary drivers. As accumulation intensifies, the material stock’s growth rate diminishes logarithmically, hinting at increased efficiency and a move towards a steady state. Concurrently, scrap flow is on the rise. Driven by population growth, per capita scrap is projected to reach 2.0–4.7 t/cap by 2035, and material stock is expected to rise 1.4–2 fold. Proactive population planning and coordinated development strategies can mitigate the risks associated with this growth and maintain urban system stability.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00132-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Covid, cities, and sustainability: a reflection on the legacy of a global pandemic","authors":"Peter Newman","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00130-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00130-z","url":null,"abstract":"Covid is fading into history in our cities around the world, but its implications are still worth reflecting upon. This special collection called “Covid, Cities and Sustainability” in npj Urban Sustainability has been a pleasure to encourage and edit for the reflections it has provided.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00130-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135193158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Holly Caggiano, Diren Kocakuşak, Pranay Kumar, Melissa O. Tier
{"title":"U.S. cities’ integration and evaluation of equity considerations into climate action plans","authors":"Holly Caggiano, Diren Kocakuşak, Pranay Kumar, Melissa O. Tier","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00129-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00129-6","url":null,"abstract":"While cities in the United States play an active role developing and implementing climate policy, urban centers are often sites of socio-spatial inequity. Thus, we explore how cities grapple with these inequities in their Climate Action Plans (CAPs). While CAPs can empower cities to engage in equitable planning practices that prioritize marginalized communities, little empirical research examines how equity goals are measured and evaluated. We find that among large U.S. cities with CAPs, less than one third include measurable indicators to evaluate progress towards achieving equity goals. Across climate adaptation and mitigation planning, nineteen cities consider equity goals as they relate to ten thematic areas, six outcomes, and five dimensions of equity. We suggest ways forward for cities to develop, implement, and measure a diverse and holistic set of equity indicators to use in their climate planning efforts and beyond.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00129-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135689718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measuring sustainable urban development in residential areas of the 20 biggest Finnish cities","authors":"Sanna Ala-Mantila, Antti Kurvinen, Aleksi Karhula","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00127-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00127-8","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the ongoing urbanization megatrend, cities have an increasingly critical role in the search for sustainability. To create sustainable strategies for cities and to follow up if they induce desired effects proper metrics on the inter and intra-urban development is needed. In this paper, we analyze the sustainability development in the 20 largest cities in Finland through a residential area classification framework. The results based on high-quality register data show concerning trends in some sustainability measures, and divergent trends between cities and residential areas within. Overall, while densities have increased modestly, we see no clear signs of decreasing car ownership rates. Further, also manifestations of social sustainability seem to be insufficient in many locations–especially in residential mid-rise areas from the ''60s and ''70s, and ''80s and ''90s.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00127-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43007806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A link criticality approach for pedestrian network design to promote walking","authors":"Rajat Verma, Satish V. Ukkusuri","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00114-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00114-z","url":null,"abstract":"Measures of walkability generally do not provide a detailed quantitative assessment of pedestrian infrastructure development prioritization. In this study, a link-based composite measure of walkability and walking is introduced to overcome this limitation. This measure, called ‘pednet score’, is based on a weighted pedestrian network (‘pednet’) made of sidewalks and crosswalks whose edge weights are descriptive of their popularity. Edge popularity is derived from home-based walk trip assignments derived from simulated pedestrian demand. Properties of the pednet score are studied using three hypothetical variants of the pednet in three North American cities, each involving the addition of candidate sidewalk and/or crosswalk segments. It is shown that a strategic selection of these segments based on pednet score can substantially increase walking trips, in some cases up to 236%, and reduce current mean pedestrian trip distances by up to 340 m. A mixed development approach involving both sidewalks and crosswalks also shows considerably higher improvement than those segments considered alone. Results from marginal benefit curves strongly indicate the utility of the pednet score as a measure of link criticality for segment prioritization in pedestrian network design.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00114-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41878864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Celina Aznarez, Jens-Christian Svenning, Juan Pablo Pacheco, Frederik Have Kallesøe, Francesc Baró, Unai Pascual
{"title":"Luxury and legacy effects on urban biodiversity, vegetation cover and ecosystem services","authors":"Celina Aznarez, Jens-Christian Svenning, Juan Pablo Pacheco, Frederik Have Kallesøe, Francesc Baró, Unai Pascual","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00128-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00128-7","url":null,"abstract":"Socio-economic and historical drivers shape urban nature distribution and characteristics, as luxury (wealth-related) and legacy (historical management) effects. Using remote sensing and census data on biodiversity and socio-economic indicators, we examined these effects on urban biodiversity and vegetation cover in Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country). We also tested the luxury and legacy hypotheses on regulating ecosystem services (ES) and explored predictor interactions. Higher educational attainment positively correlated with urban biodiversity, confirming the luxury effect, but had no effect on vegetation cover or ES. Older areas had higher vegetation cover and ES evidencing a legacy effect with an inverse response on biodiversity, attributable to more recent management strategies promoting biodiversity in green spaces. Habitat quality amplified the luxury effect, while population density strengthened the legacy effect. Our results suggest that urban biodiversity is mainly driven by socio-economic factors, while vegetation cover and ES are influenced by management legacies in interaction with population density.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00128-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46157477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transforming planning and policy making processes at the intersections of climate, equity, and decolonization challenges","authors":"Lindsay Cole, Maggie Low","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00126-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00126-9","url":null,"abstract":"Cities are facing increasing pressures to address complex challenges of climate change, equity, and reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples as intersecting issues, and innovation into planning and policy-making processes is urgently needed to achieve this. It is no longer good enough to work on these challenges discreetly, or solely within the dominant, western colonial paradigm and practices of governance. There are ongoing harms being caused by climate work that does not embed justice, and there are missed opportunities for synergies across these domains as they have the same systemic root causes. Cities must adapt and transform the processes and practices of planning and policy-making in order to work at these problematic roots. Drawing on an empirical study, this article describes how social innovation, systemic design, and decolonizing practices can shape a different approach to planning and policy-making processes when working at the intersections of climate, equity, and decolonization.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00126-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43113035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urbanity: automated modelling and analysis of multidimensional networks in cities","authors":"Winston Yap, Rudi Stouffs, Filip Biljecki","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00125-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00125-w","url":null,"abstract":"Urban networks play a vital role in connecting multiple urban components and developing our understanding of cities and urban systems. Despite the significant progress we have made in understanding how city networks are connected and spread out, we still have a lot to learn about the meaning and context of these networks. The increasing availability of open data offers opportunities to supplement urban networks with specific location information and create more expressive urban machine-learning models. In this work, we introduce Urbanity, a network-based Python package to automate the construction of feature-rich urban networks anywhere and at any geographical scale. We discuss data sources, the features of our software, and a set of data representing the networks of five major cities around the world. We also test the usefulness of added context in our networks by classifying different types of connections within a single network. Our findings extend accumulated knowledge about how spaces and flows within city networks work, and affirm the importance of contextual features for analyzing city networks.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00125-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46008046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the potential connection between place capital and health capital in the post COVID-19 city","authors":"Kate Meyrick, Peter Newman","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00124-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00124-x","url":null,"abstract":"Great places have the potential to create enhanced health outcomes and improve quality of life. The positive connection between the built environment and the social determinants of health is well documented as is the role of the built environment in establishing place quality and sense of place. However, the relationship between the concepts of place capital and health capital is less understood and specifically the extent to which high levels of place capital confer a protective and restorative health benefit across the whole of life. COVID-19 changed our appreciation of the role that both health and place play in supporting our quality and way of life and has revealed the negative impact on wellness and wellbeing that arises when our connection to place is fractured. To contribute to the debate surrounding the post-COVID-19 city, this paper explores the intrinsic connection between place and health; it proposes a conceptual model that positions place capital as a tool for enhancing whole of life health capital at a neighbourhood scale. The Framework for measuring this place capital is created from traditional place literature and the new place context literature on the need to be inclusive, equitable and sustainable. It suggests that by building great places that are based on these measurable factors, there can be a reduction in the growth of medical spending and burden of disease over time.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00124-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43501975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Smart cities and the urban digital divide","authors":"Andrea Caragliu, Chiara F. Del Bo","doi":"10.1038/s42949-023-00117-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42949-023-00117-w","url":null,"abstract":"The debate on urban smartness as an instrument for managing more efficient cities has been revolving around the notion that Smart Cities might be causing an increase in inequalities. This effect would be caused by the role played in smart urban transformations by Multi-National Corporations, which would be influencing local policymakers’ agendas. In this work we empirically verify whether smart urban characteristics are associated with an increase in urban inequalities along the digital divide dimension among urban dwellers. To this aim, we exploit a large database of 181 European cities, with data on smart urban characteristics, along with measures of the digital divide obtained with the use of survey data carried out at the European Union level. Results show a negative causal relation between the level of urban smartness and the digital divide within-EU cities. Our findings are robust to a number of robustness checks.","PeriodicalId":74322,"journal":{"name":"npj urban sustainability","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42949-023-00117-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48708781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}