NIHR open research最新文献

{"title":"A randomised crossover trial of tezacaftor-ivacaftor for gut dysfunction in cystic fibrosis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes.","authors":"C. Ng, N. Dellschaft, C. Hoad, L. Marciani, R. Spiller, Colin Crooks, Trevor Hill, A. Menys, J. G. Mainz, Helen Barr, P. Gowland, G. Major, Alan R Smyth","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13510.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13510.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background People with cystic fibrosis (CF) can experience recurrent chest infections, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and gastrointestinal symptoms. New cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs improve lung function but gastrointestinal effects are unclear. We aimed to see if a CFTR modulator (tezacaftor-ivacaftor,TEZ/IVA) improves gastrointestinal outcomes in CF. Methods We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover trial (2019-2020) at Nottingham University Hospitals. The effects of TEZ/IVA on gut physiology were measured using MRI. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment sequences AB or BA (A:TEZ/IVA, B:placebo, each 28 days), with a 28-day washout period. Participants had serial MRI scans at baseline and after 19-23 days of each treatment. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a protocol amendment allowed for observer-blind comparisons prior to and during TEZ/IVA. In such cases, participants were not blind to the treatment but researchers remained blind. The primary outcome was oro-caecal transit time (OCTT). Secondary outcomes included MRI metrics, symptoms and stool biomarkers. Results We randomised 13 participants. Before the COVID-19 pandemic 8 participants completed the full protocol and 1 dropped out. The remaining 4 participants followed the amended protocol. There were no significant differences between placebo and TEZ/IVA for OCTT (TEZ/IVA >360minutes [225,>360] vs. placebo 330minutes [285,>360], p=0.8) or secondary outcomes. There were no adverse events. Conclusions Our data contribute to a research gap in the extra-pulmonary effects of CFTR modulators. We found no effect after TEZ/IVA on MRI metrics of gut function, GI symptoms or stool calprotectin. Effects might be detectable with larger studies, longer treatment or more effective CFTR modulators. ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT04006873 (02/07/2019)","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139228113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equity, vulnerability and childhood immunization in Kenya and Uganda. A review of policy documents protocol.","authors":"Esther Owino, David Mafigiri, Dorcas Kamuya, Caroline Jones, Primus Chi","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13449.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13449.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction Inequities in access and uptake of vaccines remains to be a challenge to the full realization of benefits they stand to offer. In the case of childhood immunization, improved full immunization coverage has been witnessed globally in the past decades but countries in sub-Saharan Africa have registered slow progress, with variations between/within countries. This has been attributed to several challenges/vulnerability factors. Consequently, current global efforts to promote access to immunization have focused on the issue of equity, which is now a strategic priority in key international policy documents such as the World Health Organization immunization agenda 2030 among others. It is therefore important to understand the context and efforts being made by individual countries to realize equity. We plan to undertake a systematic policy document review to understand the immunization context in Kenya and Uganda by examining the extent to which equity and vulnerability issues are framed and addressed in key health sector and policy documents in both countries. Methods The systematic review will focus on key health sector and immunization policy documents in Uganda and Kenya between 2000 and 2023. Documents in the English language will be reviewed. Data sources will include official ministry of health websites for each country, websites of key international organizations working on immunization, general google searches and requesting for relevant documents from immunization stakeholders and officials in both countries. Data synthesis will follow a deductive and inductive approach. Findings will be presented in a descriptive format and in line with review objectives. Discussion We will assess the extent to which equity and vulnerability issues are included and how they are defined in the health sector and immunization policy documents. In addition, the review will examine strategies proposed, planned and/or implemented to promote equitable access and uptake of immunization services in the two countries.","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"467 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobility and strength training with and without protein supplements for pre-frail or frail older adults with low protein intake: the Maximising Mobility and Strength Training (MMoST) feasibility randomised controlled trial protocol","authors":"Kavita Biggin, I. Marian, Sarah E. Lamb, Alana Morris, Caoileann Murphy, Andrew Carver, Nirvana Croft, E. Williamson","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13507.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13507.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background Frailty is a common syndrome affecting older people and puts them at risk of hospitalisation, needing care or death. First signs of frailty include reduced muscle strength and mobility decline. A key cause of mobility decline as we age is sarcopenia (age related reduction in muscle strength and mass). Poor nutrition contributes to sarcopenia. A shortfall in protein is associated with reduced muscle mass and strength. This may be due to inadequate intake but also because older people have higher protein needs, especially those with multimorbidity. We need to develop effective treatment to reduce or slow the onset of frailty and mobility decline. Exercise is a recommended treatment. Protein supplements to address the shortfall in protein have the potential to enhance the benefit of regular exercise in frail or pre-frail older adults. This has yet to be definitively demonstrated. Aim To establish the feasibility of conducting an RCT evaluating mobility and strength training with or without protein supplements for people over 60 years old who are frail or pre-frail with a low protein intake. Methods A multicentre, parallel, 2-group, feasibility RCT. Participants (recruitment target = 50) with problems walking, low protein intake and classified as frail or pre-frail will be recruited from four NHS Physiotherapy community services. Participants will be randomised (secure computer-generated: 1:1) to receive 24 weeks of mobility and strength training (delivered in 16 group sessions plus home exercises) or 24 weeks of mobility and strength training with daily protein supplements. Primary feasibility objectives are to estimate 1) ability to screen and recruit eligible participants, 2) intervention fidelity, adherence, and tolerance and 3) retention of participants at follow up. Secondary objectives are to 1) test data collection procedures, 2) assess data completeness and 3) confirm sample size calculation for a definitive RCT. Registration ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN30405954; 18/10/2022).","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139241989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pathway to diagnosis and follow-up care for atrial fibrillation in Sri Lanka: a descriptive longitudinal study","authors":"Vethanayagam Antony Sheron, Tiffany E Gooden, Powsiga Uruthirakumar, Kanesamoorthy Shribavan, Mahesan Guruparan, Kumaran Subaschandren, G. Y. Lip, K. Nirantharakumar, G. N. Thomas, Rajendra Surenthirakumaran, Balachandran Kumarendran, S. Manaseki-Holland","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13497.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13497.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background Early diagnosis and continuity of care is vital for atrial fibrillation (AF), a major risk factor for stroke that requires regular monitoring when treated with warfarin; however, evidence on AF care in LMICs is lacking. We aimed to identify the AF patient pathway in Northern Province, Sri Lanka and to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted AF care. Methods This descriptive longitudinal study utilised two questionnaires, which were previously used in India and Mongolia to quantitatively evaluate the AF pathway: one at baseline and one ≥3 months following baseline. Adults (≥18 years) with AF were recruited from the A&E department and outpatient clinics located at the Jaffna Teaching Hospital, the only tertiary hospital with cardiologists and 12-lead echocardiogram facilities in the Province. Data were collected between October 2020 and June 2021 and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results This study included 151 participants (median age 57 years, IQR 49-67; 70% female). Most participants were diagnosed in the A&E (38%) or inpatient department (26%), followed by an outpatient department (19%) or private facility (16%). Nearly all (97%) participants received follow-up care during the study period, with an average of 1.3 AF-related healthcare visits per person; most visited an outpatient department (88%). The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted 39% of participants’ care: fewer healthcare visits, delayed or unattainable medications, and longer intervals between blood tests; however, 24% of participants received their medication by ambulance, public health staff or post. Conclusions Primary care was not involved in the diagnosis of AF, leading to most diagnoses occurring after a medical emergency. The frequency of blood tests was lower than guideline recommendations and could in-part be due to the adverse impacts of the pandemic. Strengthening primary and community-based care may enable early diagnosis and improve continuity of care during and beyond future healthcare crises/emergencies.","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"56 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139240077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How safe is it to plan a vaginal breech birth with OptiBreech collaborative care?: analysis of cumulative data within the OptiBreech Multiple Trials Cohort","authors":"Shawn Walker, Sabrina Das, Kate Stringer, Emma Spillane, Amy Meadowcroft, Siân M Davies, Jacana Bresson, Alice Hodder, Jasmine Kang","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13500.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13500.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background OptiBreech collaborative care is a multi-disciplinary care pathway for breech presentation at term. The OptiBreech Multiple Trial Cohort is designed to host multiple trials related to care for breech presentation. This design enables prospective data collection for a large cohort of women planning a vaginal breech birth (VBB), to assess rare safety outcomes, while answering questions requiring a smaller, randomised sample nested within this cohort. Methods OptiBreech database currently contains participants recruited from 10 January 2022, including 67 women randomised to either OptiBreech care or standard care, and 116 women who received OptiBreech care and were not randomised. Primary outcomes included vaginal birth rate, composite neonatal morbidity and mortality and composite maternal neonatal morbidity and mortality. Descriptive statistics for the entire cohort were analysed in SPSS Version 29. Sub-group analyses were identified through participant involvement and engagement work as important to support informed decision-making. Results Of 97 women who planned a VBB at any point, 44 (45.4%) achieved a vaginal birth, compared to 29/77 (37.7%) of women who did not plan a VBB. Admission rates to a neonatal unit were similar, 4/97 (4.1%) versus 3/77 (3.9%). In this cohort, there was no severe neonatal morbidity following planned VBB, compared to 3/77 (3.9%) among the cohort who did not plan a vaginal breech birth and 2/52 (3.7%) among women who planned a cephalic birth. Severe maternal morbidity following planned VBB was 7/89 (7.9%), compared to 9/76 (11.8%) for women who did not plan a VBB and 8/54 (14.8%) for women who planned a cephalic birth. Conclusions Planning a VBB with OptiBreech collaborative care has thus far been as safe as not planning a VBB. Detecting differences in rare outcomes will require thousands of births. Outcomes will continue to be monitored and reported here as the cohort grows.","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139242714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of special educational needs provision on hospital utilisation, school attainment and absences for children in English primary schools stratified by gestational age at birth: A target trial emulation study protocol.","authors":"Vincent G Nguyen, Kate Marie Lewis, Ruth Gilbert, Lorraine Dearden, Bianca De Stavola","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13471.1","DOIUrl":"10.3310/nihropenres.13471.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>One third of children in English primary schools have additional learning support called special educational needs (SEN) provision, but children born preterm are more likely to have SEN than those born at term. We aim to assess the impact of SEN provision on health and education outcomes in children grouped by gestational age at birth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We will analyse linked administrative data for England using the Education and Child Health Insights from Linked Data (ECHILD) database. A target trial emulation approach will be used to specify data extraction from ECHILD, comparisons of interest and our analysis plan. Our target population is all children enrolled in year one of state-funded primary school in England who were born in an NHS hospital in England between 2003 and 2008, grouped by gestational age at birth (extremely preterm (24-<28 weeks), very preterm (28-<32 weeks), moderately preterm (32-<34 weeks), late preterm (34-<37 weeks) and full term (37-<42 weeks). The intervention of interest will comprise categories of SEN provision (including none) during year one (age five/six). The outcomes of interest are rates of unplanned hospital utilisation, educational attainment, and absences by the end of primary school education (year six, age 11). We will triangulate results from complementary estimation methods including the naïve estimator, multivariable regression, g-formula, inverse probability weighting, inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment and instrumental variables, along with a variety for a variety of causal contrasts (average treatment effect, overall, and on the treated/not treated).</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>We have existing research ethics approval for analyses of the ECHILD database described in this protocol. We will disseminate our findings to diverse audiences (academics, relevant government departments, service users and providers) through seminars, peer-reviewed publications, short briefing reports and infographics for non-academics (published on the study website).</p>","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"3 ","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11320033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141977379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The changing contributory role to infections of work, public transport, shopping, hospitality and leisure activities throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in England and Wales","authors":"Susan Hoskins, Sarah Beale, Vincent Nguyen, Thomas Byrne, Alexei Yavlinsky, Jana Kovar, Erica Wing Lam Fong, Cyril Geismar, Annalan M. D. Navaratnam, Martie van Tongeren, Anne M. Johnson, Robert W. Aldridge, Andrew Hayward","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13443.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13443.1","url":null,"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Understanding how non-household activities contributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections under different levels of national health restrictions is vital. Methods Among adult Virus Watch participants in England and Wales, we used multivariable logistic regressions and adjusted-weighted population attributable fractions (aPAF) assessing the contribution of work, public transport, shopping, and hospitality and leisure activities to infections. Results Under restrictions, among 17,256 participants (502 infections), work [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.01 (1.65–2.44), (aPAF) 30% (22–38%)] and transport [(aOR 1.15 (0.94–1.40), aPAF 5% (-3–12%)], were risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 but shopping, hospitality and leisure were not. Following the lifting of restrictions, among 11,413 participants (493 infections), work [(aOR 1.35 (1.11–1.64), aPAF 17% (6–26%)] and transport [(aOR 1.27 (1.04–1.57), aPAF 12% (2–22%)] contributed most, with indoor hospitality [(aOR 1.21 (0.98–1.48), aPAF 7% (-1–15%)] and leisure [(aOR 1.24 (1.02–1.51), aPAF 10% (1–18%)] increasing. During the Omicron variant, with individuals more socially engaged, among 11,964 participants (2335 infections), work [(aOR 1.28 (1.16–1.41), aPAF (11% (7–15%)] and transport [(aOR 1.16 (1.04–1.28), aPAF 6% (2–9%)] remained important but indoor hospitality [(aOR 1.43 (1.26–1.62), aPAF 20% (13–26%)] and leisure [(aOR 1.35 (1.22–1.48), aPAF 10% (7–14%)] dominated. Conclusions Work and public transport were important to transmissions throughout the pandemic with hospitality and leisure’s contribution increasing as restrictions were lifted, highlighting the importance of restricting leisure and hospitality alongside advising working from home, when facing a highly infectious and virulent respiratory infection.</ns3:p>","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"45 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135819864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do You Move? Everyday stories of physical activity","authors":"Zoe Trinder-Widdess, James Nobles, Clare Thomas, Zoe Banks-Gross, Russ Jago, Charlie Foster, Sabi Redwood","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13399.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13399.1","url":null,"abstract":"<ns3:p>Stories can be a powerful method of exploring complexity, and the factors affecting everyday physical activity within a modern urban setting are nothing if not complex. The first part of our How Do You Move? study focused on the communication of physical activity guidelines to under-served communities. A key finding was that adults especially wanted physical activity messages to come from ‘everyday people, people like us’. This finding also reflects a wider move to use more relatable imagery in health promotion campaigns. Using a portrait vignette approach to create monologues, we set out to explore the experiences of people from diverse backgrounds living in Bristol, all of whom took part in varied leisure time physical activities but would also be considered to lead ‘normal’ lives. We aim to demonstrate that stories of such ‘experts by experience’ can contribute to how physical activity is perceived and elucidate the complex interplay of barriers and enablers in everyday experiences of physical activity.</ns3:p>","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Options for modifying UK alcohol and tobacco tax: A rapid scoping review of the evidence over the period 1997–2018","authors":"Jenny Hatchard, Penny Buykx, Alan Brennan, Duncan Gillespie","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13379.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.13379.3","url":null,"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Increased taxation is recognised worldwide as one of the most effective interventions for decreasing tobacco and harmful alcohol use, with many variations of policy options available. This rapid scoping review was part of a NIHR-funded project (‘SYNTAX’ 16/105/26) and was undertaken during 2018 to inform interviews to be conducted with UK public health stakeholders with expertise in alcohol and tobacco pricing policy. Methods Objectives: To synthesise evidence and debates on current and potential alcohol and tobacco taxation options for the UK, and report on the underlying objectives, evidence of effects and mediating factors. Eligibility criteria: Peer-reviewed and grey literature; published 1997–2018; English language; UK-focused; include taxation interventions for alcohol, tobacco, or both. Sources of evidence: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google, stakeholder and colleague recommendations. Charting methods Excel spreadsheet structured using PICO framework, recording source characteristics and content. Results Ninety-one sources qualified for inclusion: 49 alcohol, 36 tobacco, 6 both. Analysis identified four policy themes: changes to excise duty within existing tax structures, structural reforms, industry measures, and hypothecation of tax revenue for public benefits. For alcohol, policy options focused on raising the price of cheap, high-strength alcohol. For tobacco, policy options focused on raising the price of all tobacco products, especially the cheapest products, which are hand-rolling tobacco. For alcohol and tobacco, there were options such as levies that take money from the industries to help reduce the societal costs of their products. Due to the perceived social and economic importance of alcohol in contrast to tobacco, policy options also discussed supporting pubs and small breweries. Conclusions This review has identified a set of tax policy options for tobacco and alcohol, their objectives, evidence of effects and related mediating factors. The differences between alcohol and tobacco tax policy options and debates suggest an opportunity for cross-substance policy learning.</ns3:p>","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"33 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136022586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Options for modifying UK alcohol and tobacco tax: A rapid scoping review of the evidence over the period 1997-2018.","authors":"Jenny Hatchard, Penny Buykx, Alan Brennan, Duncan Gillespie","doi":"10.3310/nihropenres.13379.2","DOIUrl":"10.3310/nihropenres.13379.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Increased taxation is recognised worldwide as one of the most effective interventions for decreasing tobacco and harmful alcohol use, with many variations of policy options available. This rapid scoping review was part of a NIHR-funded project ('SYNTAX' 16/105/26) and was undertaken during 2018 to inform interviews to be conducted with UK public health stakeholders with expertise in alcohol and tobacco pricing policy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Objectives: To synthesise evidence and debates on current and potential alcohol and tobacco taxation options for the UK, and report on the underlying objectives, evidence of effects and mediating factors. Eligibility criteria: Peer-reviewed and grey literature; published 1997-2018; English language; UK-focused; include taxation interventions for alcohol, tobacco, or both. Sources of evidence: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google, stakeholder and colleague recommendations.</p><p><strong>Charting methods: </strong>Excel spreadsheet structured using PICO framework, recording source characteristics and content.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninety-one sources qualified for inclusion: 49 alcohol, 36 tobacco, 6 both. Analysis identified four policy themes: changes to excise duty within existing tax structures, structural reforms, industry measures, and hypothecation of tax revenue for public benefits. For alcohol, policy options focused on raising the price of cheap, high-strength alcohol. For tobacco, policy options focused on raising the price of all tobacco products, especially the cheapest products, which are hand-rolling tobacco. For alcohol and tobacco, there were options such as levies that take money from the industries to help reduce the societal costs of their products. Due to the perceived social and economic importance of alcohol in contrast to tobacco, policy options also discussed supporting pubs and small breweries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review has identified a set of tax policy options for tobacco and alcohol, their objectives, evidence of effects and related mediating factors. The differences between alcohol and tobacco tax policy options and debates suggest an opportunity for cross-substance policy learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":74312,"journal":{"name":"NIHR open research","volume":"3 ","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10593339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50164053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}