Methane Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.3390/methane1020011

P. Satpathy, C. Pradhan

{"title":"Biomethanation of Crop Residues to Combat Stubble Burning in India: Design and Simulation Using ADM1 Mathematical Model","authors":"P. Satpathy, C. Pradhan","doi":"10.3390/methane1020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/methane1020011","url":null,"abstract":"Stubble burning in India continues despite the severe consequences on the environment and the massive health crisis in the country. Farmers resort to such practices as a cheap and hasty solution post-harvest, which helps them prepare for their next crops. This study employs a mathematical model, the ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1), to design a virtual biogas plant in the SIMBA simulation platform. The plant was designed keeping the small-scale farmers in mind, hence, cost-effectiveness, simplicity in design and operation remained a priority. Simulations were performed with different crop leftovers that are widely subjected to on-farm burning in the country such as from rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and maize. Simulation trials were performed for each crop residue for nearly two years, to observe the digester performance and possible disruptions over prolonged periods. The optimal feeding ratio and operating conditions for process stability were determined. Simulations revealed generation of nearly 9–10 m3 methane per day, equivalent to 90–100 kWh electricity. Co-fermentation with animal manures was strongly recommended by the model for process stability and to avoid pH disruptions due to organic acid accumulations. Policy makers and farmers are, thus, encouraged to explore a sustainable alternative to generate energy from stubble.","PeriodicalId":74177,"journal":{"name":"Methane","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47828705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Identifying Monomeric Fe Species for Efficient Direct Methane Oxidation to C1 Oxygenates with H2O2 over Fe/MOR Catalysts Fe/MOR催化剂上用H2O2有效直接氧化甲烷制备C1氧合物的单体Fe物种鉴定

Methane Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/methane1020010

Caiyun Xu, Qian Song, Naǧme Merdanoǧlu, Hang Liu, E. Klemm

{"title":"Identifying Monomeric Fe Species for Efficient Direct Methane Oxidation to C1 Oxygenates with H2O2 over Fe/MOR Catalysts","authors":"Caiyun Xu, Qian Song, Naǧme Merdanoǧlu, Hang Liu, E. Klemm","doi":"10.3390/methane1020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/methane1020010","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring advanced catalysts and reaction systems operated at mild reaction conditions is crucial for conducting the direct methane oxidation reaction toward oxygenate products. Many efforts have been put into research on pentasil−type (MFI) zeolites based on mononuclear and/or binuclear iron sites, using H2O2 as the oxidant. In this work, we present a modified liquid ion−exchange method to better control Fe loading in a mordenite−type (MOR) zeolite with a Si/Al molar ratio of 9. The optimized Fe/MOR catalyst showed excellent performance in the direct methane oxidation reaction with turnover frequencies (TOFs) of 555 h−1 to C1 oxygenates, significantly better than the reported activity. Multiple comparative experiments were conducted to reveal the mechanism behind the performance. Strikingly, the active sites in the Fe/MOR catalyst were found to be mononuclear iron sites, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV−vis DRS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Increasing the iron loading led to the aggregation of the iron sites, which tend to trigger undesirable side reactions (i.e., H2O2 decomposition and over−oxidation), resulting in a significant decrease in TOFs to C1 oxygenates.","PeriodicalId":74177,"journal":{"name":"Methane","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48957688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Contemporary Methods of Measuring and Estimating Methane Emission from Ruminants 反刍动物甲烷排放的当代测量和估算方法

Methane Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.3390/methane1020008

W. Bekele, A. Guinguina, A. Zegeye, A. Simachew, M. Ramin

{"title":"Contemporary Methods of Measuring and Estimating Methane Emission from Ruminants","authors":"W. Bekele, A. Guinguina, A. Zegeye, A. Simachew, M. Ramin","doi":"10.3390/methane1020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/methane1020008","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to elucidate the contemporary methods of measuring and estimating methane (CH4) emissions from ruminants. Six categories of methods for measuring and estimating CH4 emissions from ruminants are discussed. The widely used methods in most CH4 abatement experiments comprise the gold standard respiration chamber, in vitro incubation, and the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) techniques. In the spot sampling methods, the paper discusses the sniffer method, the GreenFeed system, the face mask method, and the portable accumulation chamber. The spot sampling relies on the measurement of short-term breath data adequately on spot. The mathematical modeling methods focus on predicting CH4 emissions from ruminants without undertaking extensive and costly experiments. For instance, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides default values for regional emission factors and other parameters using three levels of estimation (Tier 1, 2 and 3 levels), with Tier 1 and Tier 3 being the simplest and most complex methods, respectively. The laser technologies include the open-path laser technique and the laser CH4 detector. They use the laser CH4 detector and wireless sensor networks to measure CH4 flux. The micrometeorological methods rely on measurements of meteorological data in line with CH4 concentration. The last category of methods for measuring and estimating CH4 emissions in this paper is the emerging technologies. They include the blood CH4 concentration tracer, infrared thermography, intraruminal telemetry, the eddy covariance (EC) technique, carbon dioxide as a tracer gas, and polytunnel. The emerging technologies are essential for the future development of effective quantification of CH4 emissions from ruminants. In general, adequate knowledge of CH4 emission measurement methods is important for planning, implementing, interpreting, and comparing experimental results.","PeriodicalId":74177,"journal":{"name":"Methane","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47913354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Methane: A New Open Access Journal 甲烷:一种新的开放获取期刊

Methane Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.3390/methane1010006

P. Da Costa

引用次数: 0

Expanded Reactor Engineering Calculations for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane 甲烷氧化偶联的膨胀反应器工程计算

Methane Pub Date : 2022-02-11 DOI: 10.3390/methane1010005

Andrin Molla, Sonya Rivera, Phillip Pera, Michael Landaverde, R. Barat

引用次数: 0

Measuring Livestock CH4 Emissions with the Laser Methane Detector: A Review 用激光甲烷探测器测量牲畜CH4排放：综述

Methane Pub Date : 2021-12-24 DOI: 10.3390/methane1010004

D. Sorg

{"title":"Measuring Livestock CH4 Emissions with the Laser Methane Detector: A Review","authors":"D. Sorg","doi":"10.3390/methane1010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/methane1010004","url":null,"abstract":"The handheld, portable laser methane detector (LMD) was developed to detect gas leaks in industry from a safe distance. Since 2009, it has also been used to measure the methane (CH4) concentration in the breath of cattle, sheep, and goats to quantify their CH4 emissions. As there is no consensus on a uniform measurement and data-analysis protocol with the LMD, this article discusses important aspects of the measurement, the data analysis, and the applications of the LMD based on the literature. These aspects, such as the distance to the animal or the activity of the animals, should be fixed for all measurements of an experiment, and if this is not possible, they should at least be documented and considered as fixed effects in the statistical analysis. Important steps in data processing are thorough quality control and reduction in records to a single point measurement or “phenotype” for later analysis. The LMD can be used to rank animals according to their CH4 breath concentration and to compare average CH4 production at the group level. This makes it suitable for genetic and nutritional studies and for characterising different breeds and husbandry systems. The limitations are the lower accuracy compared to other methods, as only CH4 concentration and not flux can be measured, and the high amount of work required for the measurement. However, due to its flexibility and non-invasiveness, the LMD can be an alternative in environments where other methods are not suitable or a complement to other methods. It would improve the applicability of the LMD method if there were a common protocol for measurement and data analysis developed jointly by a group of researchers.","PeriodicalId":74177,"journal":{"name":"Methane","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43959784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

The Development of a Low-Cost Method for Monitoring Methane Leakage from the Subsurface of Natural Gas Fields 一种低成本天然气田地下甲烷泄漏监测方法的开发

Methane Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/methane1010003

Muhammad Alfiza Farhan, Y. Sugai, N. Widodo, S. Syafrizal

{"title":"The Development of a Low-Cost Method for Monitoring Methane Leakage from the Subsurface of Natural Gas Fields","authors":"Muhammad Alfiza Farhan, Y. Sugai, N. Widodo, S. Syafrizal","doi":"10.3390/methane1010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/methane1010003","url":null,"abstract":"The leakage of methane from the subsurface on the coalfield or natural gas field invariably becomes an important issue nowadays. In notable addition, materials such as activated carbon, zeolites, and Porapak have been successfully identified as adsorbents. Those adsorbents could adsorb methane at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Therefore, in this scholarly study, a new method using adsorbents to detect points of methane leakage that can cover a wide-scale area was developed. In the beginning, the most capable adsorbent should be determined by quantifying adsorbed methane amount. Furthermore, checking the possibility of adsorption in the column diffusion and desorption method of adsorbents is equally necessary. The most capable adsorbent was activated carbon (AC), which can adsorb 1.187 × 10−3 mg-CH4/g-AC. Hereinafter, activated carbon successfully can adsorb methane through column diffusion, which simulates the situation of on-site measurement. The specific amount of adsorbed methane when the initial concentrations of CH4 in a bag were 200 ppm, 100 ppm, and 50 ppm was found to be 0.818 × 10−3 mg-CH4/g-AC, 0.397 × 10−3 mg-CH4/g-AC, 0.161 × 10−3 mg-CH4/g-AC, respectively. Desorption of activated carbon analysis shows that methane concentration increases during an hour in the temperature bath under 80 °C. In conclusion, soil methane leakage points can be detected using activated carbon by identifying the observed methane concentration increase.","PeriodicalId":74177,"journal":{"name":"Methane","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49098750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanisms, Growth Rates, and Morphologies of Gas Hydrates of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Their Mixtures 二氧化碳、甲烷及其混合物的气体水合物的机理、生长速率和形态

Methane Pub Date : 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.3390/methane1010002

C. Martinez, Juan F. Sandoval, Nathalia Ortiz, Sebastian Ovalle, Juan G. Beltran

{"title":"Mechanisms, Growth Rates, and Morphologies of Gas Hydrates of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Their Mixtures","authors":"C. Martinez, Juan F. Sandoval, Nathalia Ortiz, Sebastian Ovalle, Juan G. Beltran","doi":"10.3390/methane1010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/methane1010002","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanisms of growth and dissociation, growth rates, and morphology of gas hydrates of methane, carbon dioxide, and two CH4:CO2 mixtures (80:20 and 30:70 nominal concentration) were studied using using high resolution images and very precise temperature control. Subcooling and a recently proposed mass transfer-based driving force were used to analyze the results. When crystal growth rates did not exceed 0.01 mm/s, all systems showed faceted, euhedral crystal habits at low driving forces. At higher driving forces and growth rates, morphologies were different for all systems. These results solve apparent contradictions in literature about the morphology of hydrates of methane, carbon dioxide, and their mixtures. Differences in the growth mechanism of methane-rich and carbon dioxide-rich hydrates were elucidated. It was also shown that hydrate growth of methane, carbon dioxide, and their mixtures proceed via partial dissociation of the growing crystal. Temperature gradients were used to dissociate hydrates at specific locations, which revealed a most interesting phenomenon: On dissociation, carbon dioxide-rich hydrates propagated onto the bare substrate while drawing water from the opposite side of the sample. Furthermore, it was shown that an abrupt change in morphology common to all systems could be correlated to a change in the slope of growth rate data. This change in morphology was explained by a shift in the crystal growth mechanism.","PeriodicalId":74177,"journal":{"name":"Methane","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41884062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Publisher’s Note: Methane—An Open Access Journal 《甲烷——开放获取期刊》

Methane Pub Date : 2021-07-29 DOI: 10.3390/methane1010001

S. Lin, A. Witkowska, Peter Ribar

引用次数: 0

Methane最新文献