African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Widal antibody titre test versus blood culture; which is a better diagnostic for typhoid fever?","authors":"O. Popoola, B. T. Thomas, J. B. Folorunso, H. Balogun-Abiola, H. Adekola, Q.O. Okulaja, M. O. Coker","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The importance of accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases is central and crucial to the effectiveness of treatment and prevention of the associated long-term complications of such infections. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the accuracy of the Widal antibody titre test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever relative to the gold standard blood culture technique.Methodology: A total of 40 students attending the Olabisi Onabanjo University Health Services, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria on account of suspected typhoid fever by positive Widal test (≥ 1/80) and not on antibiotic therapy, were recruited for the study. Stool and blood samples were collected from each participant and analysed at the medical laboratory of the health center using conventional culture techniques and confirmation of isolates by simplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification assays of hilA (Salmonella enterica), ipaH (Shigella spp), rfc (Shigella flexneri) and wbgZ (Shigella sonnei) genes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of isolated bacteria to 10 panel of antibiotics was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion test and interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) guideline.Results: Of the 40 patients with suspected typhoid fever by the Widal test, 9 yielded Salmonella enterica giving a 22.5% isolation rate, with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella Typhi) confirmed as sole bacterium from blood cultures in 5 (12.5%) patients and co-infection of Salmonella and Shigella from stool samples in 4 (10.0%) patients. A total of 52 enteric bacteria isolates were recovered from blood and stool samples of the 40 patients made of Salmonella enterica 9 (17.3%), Shigella spp 20 (38.5%), S. flexneri 9 (17.3%) and S. sonnei 14 (26.9%). All the enteric isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR), with resistance rates to the antibiotic panel ranging from 33.3%-100%, and all the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and pefloxacin. Salmonella isolates were also 100% resistant to nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin; S. flexneri were 100% resistant to nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin; and S. sonnei were 100% resistant to nitrofurantoin and cotrimoxazole.Conclusion: These results showed that only 12.5% of typhoid fever diagnosis by Widal test had Salmonella Typhi isolated from their blood cultures while Salmonella enterica and Shigella spp were isolated from stool samples of other cases. There is need to adopt culture techniques for laboratory diagnosis of febrile illnesses in order to improve treatment regimen. The fact that AST can also be performed with culture technique could further guide antibiotic prescription and reduce the risk of emergence of resistant bacteria. \u0000Contexte: L'importance d'un diagnostic précis des maladies infectieuses est centrale et cruciale pour l'efficacité du traitement et la prévention des complications à long terme ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72950931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens and risk factors associated with culture positive neonatal sepsis in two hospitals, Katsina metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"H. Obaro, B. Abdulkadir, S. Abdullahi","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neonatal sepsis is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among neonates, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens associated with neonatal sepsis in Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and Turai Umaru Yar’adua Maternal and Children Hospital (TUYMCH), Katsina, Nigeria.Methodology: A total of 60 hospitalized neonates evaluated for neonatal sepsis at the special care baby units (SCBU) of the two healthcare facilities whose parents gave informed consent were enrolled for the study between July and December 2020. Blood samples were aseptically collected from the neonates and cultured on BacT/Alert automated platform (BioMérieux, Mercy-Etoile, France) machine. Bacteria were identified from all positive cultures and in vitro susceptibility test was performed on the isolates to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to eight selected antibiotics using the Vitek-2 compact system. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22.0.Results: A total of 60 neonates with clinical features suggestive of sepsis were enrolled. The mean age of the neonates is 1.35±0.48 days while the mean weight is 2.13±0.89 kg. Neonates with early onset sepsis (<3 days) constituted  65% while those with late-onset sepsis (>3 days) constituted 35%. Thirty-one (51.7%) neonates were culture positive while 29 (48.3%) were culture negative for bacterial pathogens. Gram-positive bacteria predominated, constituting 80.6% while Gram-negative bacteria constituted 19.4%. The most frequent Gram-positive bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci (51.6%, 16/31), with Staphylococcus haemolyticus 5 (16.1%) predominating, while the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria isolate was Escherichia coli 2 (6.5%). A high degree of antibiotic resistance (>50% rate) was exhibited by the isolates against most of the tested antibiotics including third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Gentamicin was the only antibiotic effective, with 65.5% of all isolates sensitive to it; 68.0% Gram-positives and 50.0% Gram-negatives. Vancomycin was also effective against Gram-positive bacteria, with 68.0% of the isolates sensitive to it. Previous premature delivery (64.5%, 20/31) and baby delivery at home were respectively the only maternal and neonatal factors significantly associated with culture-positive neonatal sepsis (OR=2.975, 95% CI=1.040-8.510). There was no significant difference between culture positive and negative neonatal sepsis with respect to clinical manifestations such as refusal of feeds, fever, jaundice, fast breathing, convulsion and body temperature (p>0.05).Conclusion: Neonatal sepsis is a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity among neonates admitted at the FMC and TUYMCH, Katsina, Nigeria. There is a need for regular surveillance of the risk factors, causative organisms, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of isolated patho","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"43 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90478806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the role of infections in the aetiology of haemolysis in patients with sickle cell diseases: pathogenesis, management, and prevention","authors":"S.G. Ahmed, U. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with chronic haemolysis, immuno-suppression and susceptibility to infections, which may trigger infection-associated haemolysis (IAH). SCD patients are vulnerable to anaemic effect of IAH due to vicious interaction between pre-existing ‘inherited’ chronic haemolysis and ‘acquired’IAH. IAH in SCD manifests as febrile haemolytic crisis with clinical and laboratory features of severe anaemia or pancytopenia. Clinico-pathological perspectives of IAH in SCD are fragmented. This review presents a comprehensive but concise overview of pathogenesis, management and prevention of IAH in SCD.Methodology and results: Online literature search using search terms such as ‘sickle cell disease, viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, infections, hyperhaemolytic crisis, haemophagocytic syndrome, severe anaemia, pancytopenia’ in various combinations was done on PubMed/Medline, Google, Google-Scholar and Bing. Overall, 112 relevant publications were retrieved, which included 109 peer reviewed journal articles, 2 World Health Organization (WHO) technical reports, and 1 edited text book. A range of bacterial (Bartonella spp, Mycoplasma spp., Mycobacterium avium complex), viral (Dengue, SARS-CoV-2, Parvovirus-B19, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus), parasitic(Plasmodium spp., Babesia spp.), and fungal (Histoplasma spp.) infections were associated with IAH in SCD. There are two broad types of IAH in patients with SCD; infection associated extra-medullary haemolysis (IAEMH) and infection associated intra-medullary haemolysis (IAIMH). While IAEMH is associated with severe anaemia due to intravascular haemolysis caused by red cell invasion, oxidative injury, auto-antibodies, and/or pathogen-haem interaction, IAIMH is associated with haemophagocytic tri-lineage destruction of haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow.Conclusion: Various microbial pathogens have been associated with IAH in SCD. SCD patients with fever, severe anaemia or pancytopenia should be investigated for early diagnosis and prompt treatment of IAH, which is a lifethreateninghaematological emergency for which transfusion therapy alone may not suffice. Prompt and sustainable termination of IAH may require therapeutic combination of transfusion, anti-microbial chemotherapy, and immune modulation therapy. SCD patients should also receive counselling on hygiene, barrier protection against vectors, routine chemoprophylaxis for locally endemic diseases, and immunization for vaccine-preventable infections as a long-term preventive strategy against IAH. \u0000Contexte: La drépanocytose (SCD) est associée à une hémolyse chronique, à une immunosuppression et à une susceptibilité aux infections, ce qui peut déclencher une hémolyse associée à une infection (HIA). Les patientsatteints de SCD sont vulnérables à l'effet anémique de l'HIA en raison de l'interaction vicieuse entre l'hémolyse chronique \"héréditaire\" préexistante et l'HIA \"acquise\". L'HIA dans la SCD se mani","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88867516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A point-prevalence survey of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in two different cities in Kuwait and Nigeria","authors":"W. Jamal, K. Iregbu, A. Fadhli, F. Khodakhast, P. Nwajiobi-Princewill, N. Medugu, V. Rotimi","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The family Enterobacteriaceae belongs to the order Enterobacterales, a large diverse group of Gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that sometimes cause multidrug-resistant infections which treatment options are often challenging. They are the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection (BSI) and urinary tract infections (UTI). The objective of the study was to carry out a point-prevalence survey of antimicrobial resistance and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) clinical isolates in two hospitals in Kuwait and Nigeria.Methodology: Clinically significant bacterial isolates of patients from Kuwait and Nigeria, identified by VITEK-2 and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis were studied. Susceptibility testing of selected antibiotics was performed using E-test and broth dilution methods. Genes encoding carbapenemase, β-lactamases, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were detected by conventional PCR and sequencing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) analyses.Results: Of 400 isolates from Kuwait and Nigeria, 188 (47.0%) and 218 (54.5%) were Escherichia coli and 124 (31.0%) and 116 (29.0%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The prevalence of CRE was 14.0% in Kuwait and 8.0% in Nigeria. The resistance rates of CRE isolates against colistin and tigecycline in Kuwait were 6.6% versus 25.0%, and in Nigeria were 14.2% versus 14.2%, respectively. blaOXA-181 gene was the commonest in CRE isolates in Kuwait and blaNDM-7 in Nigeria. The commonest ESBL gene among the CRE isolates was blaCTX-M-15 in both countries. AmpC resistance genes were present in only Kuwait isolates and mediated by blaEBC, blaCIT and blaDHA. WGS analysis of 12 selected CRE isolates with carbapenem MICs>32μg/ml but no detectable genes from conventional PCR, revealed the presence of multidrug efflux pump genes such as major facilitator superfamily antibiotic efflux pump and resistance-nodulation-cell division antibiotic efflux pump groups.Conclusion: The prevalence of CRE was higher among isolates from Kuwait than Nigeria and the genes encoding resistance in CRE were different. The presence of efflux pump was a main mechanism of resistance in most of the Nigerian CRE isolates. \u0000Contexte: La famille des Entérobactéries appartient à l'ordre des Entérobactéries, un grand groupe diversifié de bactéries anaérobies facultatives à Gram négatif qui provoquent parfois des infections multirésistantes dont les options de traitement sont souvent difficiles. Ils sont la principale cause d'infections nosocomiales du sang (BSI) et d'infections des voies urinaires (UTI). L'objectif de l'étude était de mener une enquête sur la prévalence ponctuelle de la résistance aux antimicrobiens et des isolats cliniques d'entérobactéries résistantes aux carbapénèmes (CRE) dans deux hôpitaux au Koweït et au Nigeria.Méthodologie: Des isolats bactériens cliniquement significatifs de patients du Koweït et du Nigéria, identifiés par analyse par spectrométrie de masse VITEK-2 et M","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91024384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of clinical characteristics, co-morbidities and outcomes of COVID-19 in children and adolescents","authors":"B. Adegboro, T. Musa-Booth, I. Mba, R. Ibrahim, N. Medugu, S. Abayomi, M. Babazhitsu","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i4.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: COVID-19 is a major global health challenge that has affected all age groups and gender, with over 5 million deaths reported worldwide to date. The objective of this study is to assess available information on COVID-19 in children and adolescents with respect to clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, and outcomes, and identify gaps in the literatures for appropriate actions. \u0000Methodology: Electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for observational studies such as case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies published from December 2019 to September 2021, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide. Data extracted included (i) patient demography (age and gender), (ii) clinical characteristics including vaccination status and presence of co-morbidities, (iii) clinical management including the use of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, oxygen requirement, use of mechanical ventilation, and (iv) disease outcomes including length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, recovery, complications with sequelae, or death. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. \u0000Results: A total of 11 eligible studies were included with a total of 266 children and adolescents; 137 (51.5%) females and 129 (48.5%) males. The mean age of the children was 9.8 years (range of 0 - 19 years), and children ≥ 6 years were more affected (40.7%) than age groups 1 - 5 years (31.9%) and < 1 year (27.4%). The major co-morbidities were respiratory diseases including pre-existing asthma (3.4%), neurologic conditions (3.4%) and cardiac pathology (2.3%). Majority (74.8%, 199/266) of the patients were discharged without sequelae, 0.8% (2/266) were discharged with sequalae from one study, and mortality of 1.9% (5/266) was reported, also from one study. SOFA scores of patients at admission were not stated in any of the study, while only one study reported patient vaccination status. \u0000Conclusion: It is recommended that safe vaccines for children < 1 year of age should be developed in addition to other preventive measures currently in place. SOFA scores should be used to assess risk of COVID-19 severity and monitor prognosis of the disease, and vaccination status of children should be documented as this may impact the management and prognosis of the disease. \u0000Contexte: Le COVID-19 est un défi sanitaire mondial majeur qui a touché tous les groupes d'âge et tous les sexes, avec plus de 5 millions de décès signalés dans le monde à ce jour. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer les informations disponibles sur le COVID-19 chez les enfants et les adolescents en ce qui concerne les caractéristiques cliniques, les comorbidités et les résultats, et d'identifier les lacunes dans la littérature pour des actions appropriées. \u0000Méthodologie: Des bases de données électroniques, notamment Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus et Google Scholar, ont été recherch","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"696 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76886509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical composition analysis of essential oils of four plants from Aurès region of Algeria and their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against coagulase-negative staphylococci","authors":"A. Zatout, R. Djibaoui, G. Flamini, R. Ascrizzi, C. Benbrahim, H. Mazari, F. Benkredda, S. Mechaala, A. KASSAH-LAOUAR","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The altitudinal and geographical variability of the Aurès mountains of Algeria favored the existence of some endemic and rare varieties of medicinal plants. The aim of the present work is to determine the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of the  essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts of four medicinal plants from Aurès region of Algeria; Juniperus thurifera L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Salvia   officinalis L. and Thymus ciliatus ssp. munbyanus (Boiss. & Reut.) Batt. on coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates. \u0000Methodology: Extraction of EOs from the four plant materials was carried out by hydro-distillation, and the EO yield expressed in gram of the distillate per 100 grams of dry matter. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. In vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the EOs were evaluated against CoNS previously isolated at the Anti-Cancer Center of Batna, Algeria using the agar disc diffusion assay and biofilm inhibition study, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum  bacterial concentration (MBC) of the EOs of S. officinalis L. and T. ciliatus ssp. munbyanus were determined by the dilution method. \u0000Results: Twenty-seven and 41 compounds rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons were identified from J. oxycedrus and J. thurifera plants respectively, while 45 and 32 compounds, constituted mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes, were identified from S. officinalis L. and T. ciliatus ssp. munbyanus, respectively. The EOs of T. ciliatus ssp. munbyanus showed the most inhibitory activity of all the four plants on CoNS isolates (n=66) with mean  inhibition zone diameter of 24.99±6.29mm, and mean MIC and MBC values of 2.65±3.77mg/ml and 5.31±7.41mg/ml respectively, followed by S.  officinalis L., with mean inhibition zone diameter of 13.38± 6.52mm, and mean MIC and MBC values of 27.53±28.2 mg/ml and 31.97±33.19 mg/ml  respectively (p<0.0001 by one-way ANOVA). Also, percentage biofilm inhibition of CoNS isolates (n=59) was high for EOs of T. ciliatus ssp. munbyanus  (65.63±10.71%) and S. officinalis L. (53.13±5.83%), although was significantly higher for T. ciliatus ssp. munbyanus compared to S. officinalis L. (p<0.0001, t=7.874). \u0000Conclusion: Essential oils from T. ciliatus ssp. munbyanus and S. officinalis L. could represent an alternative to classical antibiotics against planktonic cells and biofilms of CoNS.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73269750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of rodent reservoirs of emerging pathogens in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa","authors":"S. Meite, K. Koffi, K. Kouassi, K. J. Coulibaly, K. E. Koffi, A. Sylla, Y. Sylla, H. Fayé-Ketté, M. Dosso","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: One of the main health problems in West Africa remains upsurge of emerging pathogens. Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018.  These pathogens have animal reservoirs as vectors for transmission. Proper investigation of the pathogens in their rodent vectors could help  reduce and manage their emergence and spread. \u0000Methodology: This study was conducted with an approval from the Côte d’Ivoire Bioethics Community. Small mammal trappings were carried out in  9 sites within three zones namely, peri-urban, peri-rural and protected areas. Liver, lung and kidney tissues from trapped small mammals were  sampled in accordance with the recommended conditions of biosafety and bioethics. The organs were transported in liquid nitrogen to the  laboratory. Molecular tests were used to detect pathogens. Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using  consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers  targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. \u0000Results: Out of 4930 night-traps, 256 (5.19%) small mammals were trapped including Crocidura, Rattus, Lophuromys, Praomys, Mus and Mastomys.  Leptospira species were detected in 6 genera from 7 study sites and the infected small mammals accounted for 13.3%. Leptospira sp was detected  mainly in the rodent vector genera Rattus (32.3%), Lophuromys (29.0%), and Praomys (16.1%). Three species of Leptospira were detected and  Leptospira interrogans was the most common frequent species (74.2%). Monkeypox virus was not detected from studied small mammals. \u0000Conclusion: The initial data from our investigation indicates the presence of Leptospira sp in rodent vectors, Rattus, Lophuromys and Praomys,  which are the potential small mammalian reservoirs of this pathogen in Cote d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82678038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women attending Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria using the complete Amsel’s diagnostic criteria","authors":"C. Udeogu, N. Agbakoba, L. Chukwuma, S. Okwelogu, C. Oguejiofor","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant women remains a cause for clinical concern among clinicians and health care professionals. BV  has been linked to prenatal, antenatal and postnatal challenges in pregnant women. Information on prevalence of BV across trimesters of  pregnancy is expected to give better clinical insight into the pathophysiology of this polymicrobial disorder. This study was conducted to determine  the prevalence of BV in pregnant women attending the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of 120 pregnant women (40 in each trimester of pregnancy) who had symptoms suggestive of BV,  selected by systematic random sampling from among the women attending the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O & G) clinic of NAUTH, Nnewi. Each  subject participant was examined by the attending clinician, and high vaginal swab (HVS) sample was collected for diagnostic analysis of BV using  with complete Amsel’s clinical criteria, which consists of three of the four criteria; (i) adherent and homogenous vaginal discharge, (ii) vaginal pH >  4.5, (iii) detection of clue cells on saline wet mount, and (iv) amine odor after the addition of potassium hydroxide (positive Whiff test). \u0000Results: The mean age of the 120 selected participants was 27.25±6.09 years. The age groups 25-29 (36.7%) and 20-24 years (33.3%) constituted the  largest proportion, while age groups <20 (5.0%) and 40-45 years (5.0%) constituted the least. Of the 120 participants, 26 (21.7%) were positive for BV  by the Amsel’s criteria. Pregnant women in age group <20 years had the highest prevalence of BV (100%, 6/6), followed by those in the age groups  20-24 (27.5%), 40-45 (16.7%), 25-29 (15.9%), 30-34 (9.1%) and 35-39 years (0%) (X2=28.063, p=0.0001). Prevalence of BV was significantly higher in  single (unmarried) pregnant women (45.5%, X2=4.038, p=0.045), women with primary school education level (66.7%, X2=14.530, p=0.001),  unemployed women (36.1%, X2=13.278, p=0.0013), and nulliparous women [36.4%, X2 (for trend) = 4.805, p=0.0274), while there was no significant  difference in the prevalence of BV with relation to trimester of pregnancy (X2=2.750, p=0.253). \u0000Conclusion: This study reveals a relatively high prevalence of BV and significant association with factors such as age group, education and  occupational status among pregnant women attending NAUTH Nnewi. Regular screening of women for BV prenatally may enable appropriate  interventions to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"105 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91426265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of antibiotic residues in body organs of pigs slaughtered in Jos, Nigeria","authors":"K. N. Anueyiagu, S. Nandi, I.A. Uzochukwu, S. O. Sule","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Drug residue is a serious issue for the food chain when antimicrobial substances are inappropriately used or when the withdrawal times before slaughtering the treated animals are not respected. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues in pork  slaughtered for human consumption in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA), Plateau State, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: A total of 96 samples which included muscles (n=32), liver (n=32) and kidneys (n=32), were randomly collected from Gyel, Kuru, Du,  and Vwang slaughter slabs in the LGA. The three-plate-test (TPT) technique was conducted where three batches of nutrient agar plates were  aseptically prepared and adjusted to pH 6.0, 7.2 and 8.0. Each plate was seeded with isolated Bacillus subtilis and 5 holes were made on the plate  with a sterile cork borer. The holes were inoculated with 80 μl of each organ extract, 10 μg/ml gentamicin (positive control) and distill water  (negative control), and incubated aerobically at 37oC for 18-24 hours. Positive antibiotic residue was shown by a clear zone of inhibition (annular  diameter of ≥ 2 mm) around the holes. \u0000Results: The result showed that 55.2% (53/96) of the organs tested positive for antibiotic residues while 44.8% (43/96) tested negative. The liver had  the highest prevalence of antibiotic residues (68.8%, 22/32), followed by the kidneys (56.3%, 18/32) and the muscles (40.6%, 13/32). The difference in  the prevalence of antibiotic residues between the organs was not statistically significant (𝜒2=5.1391, p=0.0765). Detection of tetracycline at pH 6.0  as highest in the organs while detection of sulphonamides was lowest at pH 7.2. \u0000Conclusion: The determination of antibiotic residues in pork slaughtered for consumption in Jos South LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria posed potential  public health risks. This situation indicates a wide spread uncontrolled use of antimicrobials in pig production, and requires urgent  attention of government to enforce regulations guiding antibiotic use in veterinary settings in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84543795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of human and animal brucellosis in Nigeria and its economic impacts on production","authors":"C. Ukwueze, E. Kalu, E. O. Odirichukwu, E. Ikpegbu, P. Luka","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v23i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a wide spread zoonotic bacterial disease of humans and animals. In humans the disease is recognized commonly as undulant fever, characterized by headache malaise, and arthritis. Brucellosis can occur in any age group, but mainly found in young men between the ages of 20 and 40 years because of occupational hazards. Domestic animals (cattle, sheep and goat, pigs, dogs etc) are highly susceptible to brucellosis.  Generally, brucellosis manifest in female animals as abortion, retained placenta, stillbirth and death of young ones soon after birth. In males, the  main features are vesiculitis, orchitis, and epididymitis, which may render infected male infertile for life. The endemicity of brucellosis has remained  a threat in low- income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and has multiple economic implications across agriculture and public health  sectors, and broader implications on economic and social development sectors. Google and Google Scholar were used to retrieve articles used for  this review, which included published research articles and local, national and international reports on brucellosis. In this review, we summarised  human and animal brucellosis, prevalence of infections in Nigeria, and economic impacts on production. It is believed that this review will guide  researchers on the state of brucellosis in developing countries where the disease is still endemic, using Nigeria as a case study.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84401287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}