Medicine access @ point of care最新文献

{"title":"Beyond trust: Amplifying unheard voices on concerns about harm resulting from health data-sharing.","authors":"Stephanie Mulrine,&nbsp;Mwenza Blell,&nbsp;Madeleine Murtagh","doi":"10.1177/23992026211048421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23992026211048421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The point of care in many health systems is increasingly a point of health data generation, data which may be shared and used in a variety of ways by a range of different actors.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We set out to gather data about the perspectives on health data-sharing of people living in North East England who have been underrepresented within other public engagement activities and who are marginalized in society.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multi-site ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in the Teesside region of England over a 6-month period in 2019 as part of a large-scale health data innovation program called Connected Health Cities. Organizations working with marginalized groups were contacted to recruit staff, volunteers, and beneficiaries for participation in qualitative research. The data gathered were analyzed thematically and vignettes constructed to illustrate findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Previous encounters with health and social care professionals and the broader socio-political contexts of people's lives shape the perspectives of people from marginalized groups about sharing of data from their health records. While many would welcome improved care, the risks to people with socially produced vulnerabilities must be appreciated by those advocating systems that share data for personalized medicine or other forms of data-driven care.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Forms of innovation in medicine which rely on greater data-sharing may present risks to groups and individuals with existing vulnerabilities, and advocates of these innovations should address the lack of trustworthiness of those receiving data before asking that people trust new systems to provide health benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9413596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10021151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing health system strengthening through improving access to medicines: A review of local manufacturing policies in Ghana.","authors":"Kwame Peprah Boaitey, Chloe Tuck","doi":"10.1177/2399202620962299","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2399202620962299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Providing access to quality-assured medicines is a fundamental component of strengthening health systems. Yet, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 13.6% of all medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC's) may be substandard or falsified (SF) impeding patient outcomes, imposing financial burden, and contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Circulation of SF medicines also undermines trust in the health system and legitimate health care professionals. It may erode trust in the manufacturers of genuine pharmaceutical products as well as health professionals who prescribe and dispense them. Failure to address challenges in medicines quality assurance and supply risks jeopardizing progress towards universal healthcare coverage. This editorial draws on perspectives from a Ghanaian context and highlights the importance of ensuring an adequate and stable medicine supply, specifically through mechanisms to foster local manufacturing. This will serve to address the problem of SF medicines, as well as providing opportunities for mutual benefit with multiple related sectors. The WHO's mechanism on substandard and falsified medical products 2020 highlights multiple sectors have a key role in combatting SF medicines. Although key considerations and initiatives in other sectors are beyond the scope of this article, local manufacturing should be viewed with WHO's a multilevel systemwide approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9413615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33510011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A framework for the management of donated medical devices based on perspectives of frontline public health care staff in Ghana.","authors":"Dinsie B Williams,&nbsp;Jillian C Kohler,&nbsp;Andrew Howard,&nbsp;Zubin Austin,&nbsp;Yu-Ling Cheng","doi":"10.1177/2399202620941367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202620941367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transnational funders provide up to 80% of funds for medical devices in resource-limited settings, yet sustained access to medical devices remains unachievable. The primary goal of this study was to identify what factors hinder access to medical devices through the perspectives of frontline public hospital staff in Ghana involved in the implementation of transnational funding initiatives.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case study was developed that involved an analysis of semi-structured interviews of 57 frontline technical, clinical and administrative public health care staff at 23 sites in Ghana between March and April 2017; a review of the national guidelines for donations; and images of abandoned medical devices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six key themes emerged, demonstrating how policy, collaboration, quality, lifetime operating costs, attitudes of health care workers and representational leadership influence access to medical devices. An in-depth assessment of these themes has led to the development of an enterprise-wide comprehensive acquisition and management framework for medical devices in the context of transnational funding initiatives.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings in this study underscore the importance of incorporating frontline health care staff in developing solutions that are targeted at improving delivery of care. Sustained access to medical devices may be achieved in Ghana through the adoption of a rigorous and comprehensive approach to acquisition, management and technical leadership. Funders and public health policy makers may use the study's findings to inform policy reform and to ensure that the efforts of transnational funders truly help to facilitate sustainable access to medical devices in Ghana.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202620941367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33491994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of medication adherence and predictors of sub-optimal adherence among pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease.","authors":"Roland Nnaemeka Okoro,&nbsp;Ibrahim Ummate,&nbsp;John David Ohieku,&nbsp;Sani Ibn Yakubu,&nbsp;Maxwell Ogochukwu Adibe,&nbsp;Mathew Jegbefume Okonta","doi":"10.1177/2399202620954089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202620954089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multiple medications are required to effectively manage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated complications, posing the risk of poor medication adherence.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To measure medication adherence levels and to investigate the potential predictors of sub-optimal medication adherence in pre-dialysis patients with CKD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study was conducted in the medical and nephrology outpatients' clinics in Maiduguri. Non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 1-4 aged 18 years and above were recruited through their physicians. The level of medication adherence was determined using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patients' background characteristics. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the significantly potential predictors of sub-optimal medication adherence at a <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 107 participants (48.6%) who had high medication adherence, while 97 (44.1%), and 16 (7.3%) of them had moderate adherence, and low adherence, respectively. The univariate analysis revealed that medication adherence level differed significantly with the number of medications taken daily by patients (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses did not reveal a significant independent predictor of sub-optimal medication adherence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A majority of the participants reported sub-optimal medication adherence. The independent variables considered did not significantly predict sub-optimal medication adherence in the study population. Nevertheless, the study findings highlight the importance of clinical pharmacists' CKD management supportive care to help improve medication adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202620954089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33491995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amid COVID-19 crisis, pain therapeutics telehealth services by pharmacist clinicians fill unique void and mitigate risk.","authors":"Jeffrey Bettinger, Jacqueline Cleary, Jeffrey Fudin","doi":"10.1177/2399202620947035","DOIUrl":"10.1177/2399202620947035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with chronic pain syndromes are facing additional challenges from syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus compared with the general population. New reasons for compounded social isolation and commensurate opioid dose creeping and suicidality/anxiety, difficulty in obtaining legitimate medications, proper comprehensive evaluations, ongoing opioid risk stratification for opioid abuse/misuse, safe opioid tapers if necessary, and other opportunities for pharmacist intervention are clear. We discuss opportunities for pharmacist-run telehealth visits, reimbursement for services, and various aspects of interventions during this time of international emergency where all healthcare professionals have been asked to step up to help combat the mutual threat of COVID19. Clinical pharmacists in every specialty area are part of the essential healthcare workforce, but those practicing pain management in particular are in unique positions to assist all providers in adhering to chronic pain guidelines and various government mandates, and to foster optimal outcomes to complex patients with chronic pain. Furthermore, those that are available by telemedicine allow for improved access to quality and appropriate pain medication management, and additionally support opioid risk mitigation strategies, helping fill an unmet access to those at higher risk. This practice has the potential to help offset primary care provider workload, allowing for a decreased overall burden, especially in a complex, time-consuming, and high-risk patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/84/10.1177_2399202620947035.PMC9413620.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33510013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model to strengthen utility of quality pharmaceutical health systems data in resource-limited settings.","authors":"Harriet Rachel Kagoya,&nbsp;Dan Kibuule,&nbsp;Timothy William Rennie,&nbsp;Honoré Kabwebwe Mitonga","doi":"10.1177/2399202620940267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202620940267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Limited utility of quality health data undermines efforts to strengthen healthcare delivery, particularly in resource-limited settings. Few studies model the effective utility of quality pharmaceutical information system (PIS) data in sub-Saharan Africa, typified with weak health systems.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To develop a model and guidelines for strengthening utility of quality PIS data in public healthcare in Namibia, a resource-limited setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative model based on Dickoff et al. practice-oriented theory, Chinn and Jacobs' systematic approach to theory, and applied consensus techniques. Data from nationwide studies on quality and utility of PIS data in public healthcare conducted between 2018 and March 2020 informed the development of the model concepts. Pharmaceutical and public health systems experts validated the final model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, four preliminary national studies that recruited 58 PIS focal persons at 38 public health facilities and national level informed the development of four model concepts. The model describes concepts on access, management, dissemination, and utility of quality PIS data. Activities to implement the model in practice include grass-root integration of real-time automated pharmaceutical intelligence systems to collect, consolidate, monitor, and report PIS data. Strengthening coordination, human resources, and technical capacity through support supervisory systems at grass-root facilities are key activities. PIS focal persons at health facility and national level are agents to implement these activities among recipients, that is, healthcare professionals at points of care. Guidelines for implementation of the model at point of care are included. Experts described the model as clear, simple, comprehensive, and integration of pharmaceutical intelligence systems at point of care as novel and of importance to enhance utility of quality PIS data in resource-limited settings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While utility of quality PIS data is limited in Namibia, advantages of the model are encouraging, toward building resilient pharmaceutical intelligence systems at grass roots in resource-limited countries, where there are not only weak health systems, but high burden of misuse of medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202620940267","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33491997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influencers on deprescribing practice of primary healthcare providers in Nova Scotia: An examination using behavior change frameworks.","authors":"Natalie Kennie-Kaulbach,&nbsp;Rachel Cormier,&nbsp;Olga Kits,&nbsp;Emily Reeve,&nbsp;Anne Marie Whelan,&nbsp;Ruth Martin-Misener,&nbsp;Fred Burge,&nbsp;Sarah Burgess,&nbsp;Jennifer E Isenor","doi":"10.1177/2399202620922507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202620922507","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Deprescribing is a complex process requiring consideration of behavior change theory to improve implementation and uptake.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that influence deprescribing for primary healthcare providers (family physicians, nurse practitioners (NPs), and pharmacists) within Nova Scotia using the <i>Theoretical Domains Framework version 2</i> (TDF(v2)) and the <i>Behavior Change Wheel</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Interviews and focus groups were completed with primary care providers (physicians, NPs, and pharmacists) in Nova Scotia, Canada. Coding was completed using the TDF(v2) to identify the key influencers. Subdomain themes were also identified for the main TDF(v2) domains and results were then linked to the <i>Behavior Change Wheel-Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation</i> components.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants identified key influencers for deprescribing including areas related to <i>Opportunity</i>, within TDF(v2) domain <i>Social Influences</i>, such as patients and other healthcare providers, as well as <i>Physical</i> barriers (TDF(v2) domain <i>Environmental Context and Resources</i>), such as lack of time and reimbursement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest that a systematic approach to deprescribing in primary care should be supported by opportunities for patient and healthcare provider collaborations, as well as practice and system level enhancements to support sustainability of deprescribing practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202620922507","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33491999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of medicines information leaflets in hypertensive care in a setting with low health literacy: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Mtungwazi Kudzinesta,&nbsp;Mwangana Mubita,&nbsp;Francis Kalemeera,&nbsp;Brian Godman,&nbsp;Ester Hango,&nbsp;Dan Kibuule","doi":"10.1177/2399202620910031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202620910031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Higher levels of health literacy improve utilization of health information, medication adherence and outcomes. Few studies evaluate the utility of medicines information in hypertensive care in settings with low health literacy.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the level of health literacy and utility of medicines information leaflets (MILs) among hypertensive patients in public health care in Namibia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A hospital-based survey among hypertensive patients receiving care at a referral hospital in Namibia from the 8 June 2018 to 29 June 2018. Patient's health literacy and utility of MIL were assessed using three literacy tools and a survey questionnaire. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic content analysis for factors associate with the utility of the MIL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 139 patients, 63% were female and the mean age was 45.7 (range: 19.0-84.0) years. Over 85.6% had of low literacy skills (Rapid Estimate of Literacy in Medicine (REALM) score <44, that is, unable to read simple health materials), 38.8% had positive Single Item Literacy Screener (SILS) scores (⩾2, require help to read medicines information) and 66.9% had inadequate skills for comprehension, appraisal and decision-making with regard to health information (Health Literacy Skills Instrument-Short Form (HLSI-SF) score <70%). The level of access to and utility of MIL were low, 32.4% and 34.6%, respectively. The main factors associated with poor utility of the MIL were low patient health literacy, lack of guidelines on the use of MIL and MIL written in non-native languages.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Low rates of health literacy and utility of MIL were observed among hypertensive patients in Namibia. The integration of health literacy programmes, and MIL guidelines are needed to promote utility of medicine information and improve medication adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202620910031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33510012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The magnitude of prescribing medicines by brand names at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania.","authors":"Ombeni Kisamo,&nbsp;Manase Kilonzi,&nbsp;Wigilya P Mikomangwa,&nbsp;George M Bwire,&nbsp;Hamu J Mlyuka,&nbsp;Alphonce I Marealle,&nbsp;Ritah F Mutagonda","doi":"10.1177/2399202619900148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202619900148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tanzania National Treatment Guidelines and National Therapeutic Committee circular of 2012 requires prescribers to prescribe medicines using their generic names as recommended by the World Health Organization. The implementation of the aforementioned recommendations by prescribers is not well documented in our settings. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the compliance on the use of generic names by prescribers at Muhimbili National Hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital from January to May 2019 in both inpatient and outpatient pharmacy units. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 23. Chi-square test was used to analyze proportions between the different variables of the study. A <i>p</i>-value for significance was <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1001 prescriptions analyzed, 71.6% contained medicines prescribed using brand names. The mean (±standard deviation (SD)) number of medicines per prescription was 2.98 (±1.5). The most frequently prescribed medicines by brand names were a combination of vitamin and mineral supplements (34.4%) followed by antibiotics (26.7%). Medical doctors (25.6%) and medical specialists (21.6%) prescribed ⩾2 medicines using brand names per prescription compared to interns (15.0%) and residents (6.9%) (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prescribing medicines using brand names was highly observed in this study. Supplements and antibiotics were among the products that were highly prescribed using their brand names. Qualitative studies to explore reasons for brand name prescribing practices are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202619900148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33510010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tackling distribution-related shortages of medicines: An Italian case study evaluated in the European Union framework","authors":"Domenico Di Giorgio, Giuseppe Scrofina, B. Scognamiglio, N. Di Carluccio, Romina Tulimiero, Adriano Pietrosanto, P. Petrone, Mila De Iure, Maria Grazia Chimenti, E. Pozzetti, Maurizio Giacomazzi, R. Berno, M. Lupo, M. Giaccone, M. Pani, Emanuele Cesta, Oscar Cruciani, C. Maione, M. Gramazio, Gianpaolo Derossi","doi":"10.1177/2399202619856859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2399202619856859","url":null,"abstract":"Availability of human medicines is affected by problems associated with both manufacturing and distribution-related issues. The lack of definition of “shortages” or “unavailability” of medicines in European regulation represents an obstacle to the set up of proper preventive and counteracting measures. In this review, we describe how, within this framework, Italy started a program of shared activities, involving central and local authorities, police forces, and private stakeholders’ associations through an “ad hoc technical forum,” that reduced the extent of the problem, at least in the short term, as demonstrated through some indicators defined by considering the key medicines affected by unavailability due to distribution-related issues. These measures should be strengthened and complemented with others so as to ensure their effectiveness in the long term.","PeriodicalId":74158,"journal":{"name":"Medicine access @ point of care","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2399202619856859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49024067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}