Journal of young investigators最新文献_第3页

Varying Amount of Social Information in an Image Affects Facial Processing Strategies of Participants with an Autism-Related Phenotype 图像中不同数量的社会信息影响自闭症相关表型参与者的面部加工策略

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.36.5.56-61

Nidhila Masha, Jeff MacInnes, Elizabeth N. Johnson

{"title":"Varying Amount of Social Information in an Image Affects Facial Processing Strategies of Participants with an Autism-Related Phenotype","authors":"Nidhila Masha, Jeff MacInnes, Elizabeth N. Johnson","doi":"10.22186/JYI.36.5.56-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.36.5.56-61","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that presents with a tendency to experience sensory overload as well as deficits in social cognition and communication which may be associated with differences in facial processing strategies. Previous studies have shown that, when viewing a facial image, participants with ASD spend less time on the eyes and lips—which contain more emotional and social information than other areas of the face. This study investigates whether individuals with an autism-related phenotype avoid the eyes of facial images in order to reduce their risk of experiencing sensory overload. Neurotypical participants, either possessing or lacking an autism-related phenotype, viewed images drawn from two stimuli sets: a control set of color images and an experimental set consisting of grayscale and reduced contrast images. Humans have been shown to use color as a source of social information (e.g. relative health, sex, emotion, etc.); the grayscale images in the experimental set thus contained less socially relevant information than the color images in the control set. The color images also contained more brightness and contrast—both of which are potential triggers of sensory overload—than the reduced contrast images. The results revealed that participants with an autism-related phenotype spent more time focusing on the eyes of grayscale images than on the eye region in color images. However, this effect was not observed when reduced contrast images were compared to color images. These results, when extrapolated to a population with a true autism phenotype, suggest that individuals with autism may process grayscale images differently than color images.","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41399810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Educational Model for Understanding Acute Deep Tissue Injury of Motor Units: Common Lab Exercises with a New Twist 理解运动单元急性深部组织损伤的教育模式：一种新的常见实验室练习

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.62-72

A. Thenappan, E. Dupont-Versteegden, R. Cooper

{"title":"An Educational Model for Understanding Acute Deep Tissue Injury of Motor Units: Common Lab Exercises with a New Twist","authors":"A. Thenappan, E. Dupont-Versteegden, R. Cooper","doi":"10.22186/JYI.62-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.62-72","url":null,"abstract":"a common occurrence with DTIs. As an exercise for this student-lead research project, one can assume a relative large mass of tissue is injured (i.e., skeletal muscle) by either blunt force trauma of external object and/or with pressure injury from the internal skeleton. The testable hypothesis is that damaged muscle can cause an altered function of healthy muscle and neurons. In addition, intracellular constituents (i.e., K+ and amino acids) from injured muscle may also play a role in the spread of tissue dysfunction. Thus, a treatment to obtain a normal extracellular environment can help promote a faster recovery from the initial DTI insult. Students can develop variations to the experimental preparations presented in these laboratory exercises. The preparations presented consist of two types of muscle fibers (slow and fast). These preparations are well-known for student neurophysiology experimentation but novel for the use of investigating an injury topic on muscle and nerve function. Crayfish preparations are commonly used in undergraduate and graduate classes to teach basic neurophysiological measures (Johnson et al., 2014). The crayfish abdominal extensor muscle preparation is used to demonstrate effects on resting membrane potential with ion substitution in saline and is a good preparation for demonstrating synaptic responses for different types of motor units. Some muscles in crustaceans are selectively innervated by either a phasic or a tonic motor neuron, although some single fibers can be innervated by both phasic and tonic excitatory motor neurons, such as for extensor muscle in the crayfish walking legs (Atwood, 1976; see movie explanation in Wu and Cooper, 2010) and most other limb muscles (Wiersma, 1961a). By selectively An Educational Model for Understanding Acute Deep Tissue Injury of Motor Units: Common Lab Exercises with a New Twist","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46310367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Monomer-dimer Equilibrium of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Alanine Racemase Depends on Buffer Conditions 结核分枝杆菌丙氨酸消旋酶的单体-二聚体平衡取决于缓冲条件

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.36.4.50-54

Shannon Stirling, S. Majumdar, J. Ko, J. C. Ford

{"title":"Monomer-dimer Equilibrium of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Alanine Racemase Depends on Buffer Conditions","authors":"Shannon Stirling, S. Majumdar, J. Ko, J. C. Ford","doi":"10.22186/JYI.36.4.50-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.36.4.50-54","url":null,"abstract":"(Azam and Jayaram, 2016). Several known inhibitors of M. tuberculosis ALR (Mt-ALR) work by binding to the substrate-binding site proximal to the bound PLP (Anthony et al., 2011). Among known inhibitors of Mt-ALR, only D-cycloserine, a substrate analog, is used medically to treat TB. However, D-cycloserine carries substantial side effects because it inactivates ALR by binding to the enzyme-bound PLP and PLP-dependent enzymes are essential for many eukaryotic systems. In humans, PLP is important for proper neural functioning. Disruption of PLP binding has led to reports of dizziness, coma, depression, and other neurological and psychotic disorders in D-cycloserine users (Walsh, 2003). Anthony et al. (2011) have identified new classes of ALR inhibitors by high-throughput screening of 53,000 compounds. Upon analyzing synthetic compound libraries, 472 hits were found, with only 25 strong hits. All of the hits came from the synthetic compound libraries analyzed; their strategy was to select inhibitors that are not substrate analogs. Similarly, to avoid selecting the inhibitors that are substrate analogs, some authors have suggested the inclusion of conserved residues at the entrance to the catalytic pocket of Mt-ALR as additional targets in structure-aided drug design (LeMagueres et al., 2005). Others have suggested designing inhibitors that bind to the dimer interface to block dimerization (Azam and Jayaram, 2016). One of the goals of the current study was to understand the dimerization of ALRs and thus aid in the design of inhibitors, which could serve as drugs, that work by interfering with the dimerization of Mt-ALR. ALR has long been recognized as a potential target for drug design (Silverman, 1988). While some species show monomeric ALR, most ALR exhibit dimeric forms (Ju et al., 2011). Yokoigawa et al. (2003) first reported a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium in the case of ALR from 4 Shigella species. Ju et al. (2005) Monomer-dimer Equilibrium of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Alanine Racemase Depends on Buffer Conditions","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41849432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

B-Vitamin and Choline Supplementation Changes the Ischemic Brain 维生素b和胆碱的补充改变了缺血的大脑

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.36.4.44-49

P. Keerthi, N. Jadavji

引用次数: 1

The Implication of the Corticotropin Releasing Factor in Nicotine Dependence and Significance for Pharmacotherapy in Smoking Cessation 促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子在尼古丁依赖中的意义及其对戒烟药物治疗的意义

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.22186/jyi.36.3.36-43

Vasileia Karasavva

{"title":"The Implication of the Corticotropin Releasing Factor in Nicotine Dependence and Significance for Pharmacotherapy in Smoking Cessation","authors":"Vasileia Karasavva","doi":"10.22186/jyi.36.3.36-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.36.3.36-43","url":null,"abstract":"it (Skinner and Aubin, 2010). Drug use initially causes an acute release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and initiates the release of opioids, producing a rewarding affective state (Koob and Volkow, 2010). However, this drug-induced reward is opposed by processes that reduce drug effects and attempt the return of hedonic states to homeostasis (Koob and Volkow, 2009). This is done through the activation of the brain’s stress system, the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system that then signals to the extended amygdala and hippocampus to elicit a stress response (Koob and Volkow, 2009). Thus, repeated use and activation of the opponent b-processes leads to a reduction in drug effects resulting in the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in abstinence (Skinner and Aubin, 2010). Taken together, the compulsive nature of addiction can thus be viewed as a cycle of increasing dysregulation of brain reward and anti-reward mechanisms that results in a shifting hedonic baseline due to b-processes failing to return to normal homeostatic range (Garavan et al., 2000). In other words, chronic drug use leads to the elevation of reward thresholds that do not return to baseline during abstinence, leading to marked dysphoria and anhedonia, i.e. negative affect and an inability to experience pleasure (Garavan et al., 2000). Current research has shifted its focus to investigate how avoiding those dysphoric feelings produced in abstinence acts as a powerful motivator for continuous use through negative reinforcement. Thus, a paradox emerges in developing effective drug rehabilitation treatments as abstinence is both the ultimate goal and one of the reasons behind compulsive use. The development of an effective treatment is particularly important for smoking, since cigarette smoking constitutes a major health risk factor and is the leading cause of preventable deaths The Implication of the Corticotropin Releasing Factor in Nicotine Dependence and Significance for Pharmacotherapy in Smoking Cessation","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45301901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Convergence in Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Models 混合效应Logistic回归模型的收敛性

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.36.2.18-35

Alexandrea Churchill, G. Kissling

{"title":"Convergence in Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Models","authors":"Alexandrea Churchill, G. Kissling","doi":"10.22186/JYI.36.2.18-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.36.2.18-35","url":null,"abstract":"relations had been taken into account, the results would not have been significant. It has been previously reported that litter effects are a characteristic of dose response data and therefore, within-litter correlation must be included when conducting statistical analyses (Khera et al., 1989; Kupper et al., 1986). When the response is a continuous measure, adjusting for within-litter correlations is simple (Haseman and Kupper, 1979; Searle, 1971). To adjust for the within-litter correlation, when the continuous measure is normally distributed, a nested analysis of variance can be implemented (Haseman and Kupper, 1979). One paper states that adjusting for within-litter correlations is more difficult when the response is dichotomous and rare, such as the occurrence of less common tumors (Haseman and Kupper, 1979). Different statistical models have been created to include litter effect, with many undergoing constant improvement (Yamamoto and Yanagimoto, 1994). Some models must be altered to incorporate litter effect, including the dose response model (Khera et al., 1989). Haseman and Soares (1976) concluded that, when analyzing experiments that look at dichotomous fetal responses, binomial or Poisson models provide poor fits, as there is similarity between responses from the same litter (Kupper et al., 1986). It also seems that certain models such as multistage, multihit and probit, which multiple authors have used, tend to ignore litter effects (Scientific Committee of the Food Safety Council, 1978, cited in Kupper et al., 1986; Segreti, and Munson, 1981; Kupper et al., 1986; Segreti, and Munson, 1981). The beta-binomial model, considered by Williams (1975), is commonly used to account for littermate correlation when analyzing dose response data (Kupper et al., 1986; Khera et al., 1989; Convergence in Mixed Effects Logistic Regression Models","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44941064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

ully Automated GrowCut-based Segmentation of Melanoma in Dermoscopic Images 皮肤镜图像中基于生长切口的黑色素瘤全自动分割

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-02-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.36.2.11-17

Leyton Ho

{"title":"ully Automated GrowCut-based Segmentation of Melanoma in Dermoscopic Images","authors":"Leyton Ho","doi":"10.22186/JYI.36.2.11-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/JYI.36.2.11-17","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, diagnosis of melanoma is done primarily by biopsy, an invasive and costly procedure (American Cancer Society, 2017). A new technique called dermoscopy has been proposed as a pre-biopsy melanoma risk evaluation tool that can be applied by a wide range of physicians, including family practice doctors (Herschorn, 2012). Dermoscopy is a non-invasive method that uses microscopes to amplify details of skin lesion photographs, such as the colors and microstructures of the skin, the dermoepidermal junction (the area of tissue joining the epidermal and dermal layers of skin), and the papillary dermis (uppermost layer of the dermis). Compared to inspection of cutaneous lesions by the naked eye, this method can increase physicians’ confidence in their referral accuracy to dermatologists thereby reducing unnecessary biopsies. The early phases of malignant melanoma, however, share many clinical features with atypical or unusual looking non-malignant moles, also known as dysplastic nevi. As a result, diagnostic accuracy has been shown to range between 50-75% (Stanganelli, 2017). A commonly used standard for pre-biopsy melanoma risk evaluation is described by the ABCDE rule (Abbasi et al., 2004). This rule defines five common characteristics of malignant lesions: asymmetry (A), border irregularity (B), multiple colors (C), diameter greater than six millimeters (D), and enlargement (E). By looking for these five characteristics in dermoscopic images, physicians can evaluate the risks of malignancy of the lesions. Such evaluation, however, is inherently imperfect due to differences in human interpretation of the lesions. To enable faster, more accessible, and more effective evaluation of melanoma risks, there is a need for automatic computerized processing of skin lesions. The Fully Automated GrowCut-based Segmentation of Melanoma in Dermoscopic Images","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48589748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Comparative Study on the Status of Glycation Precursors, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Cell Viability Under Effects of Kaempferol, Myricetin, and Azaleatin in HGC-27 Cell Line 山奈酚、杨梅素和杜鹃花素对HGC-27细胞株糖基化前体、晚期糖基化终产物及细胞活力的影响

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.22186/jyi.36.1.5-10

Fargol Ma Boojar, Sepideh Golmohamad, G. Tafreshi

{"title":"Comparative Study on the Status of Glycation Precursors, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Cell Viability Under Effects of Kaempferol, Myricetin, and Azaleatin in HGC-27 Cell Line","authors":"Fargol Ma Boojar, Sepideh Golmohamad, G. Tafreshi","doi":"10.22186/jyi.36.1.5-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22186/jyi.36.1.5-10","url":null,"abstract":"rosis, and Alzheimer’s Disease (Hartog et al., 2007; Reddy and Obrenovich, 2002). However, in response to increased glycation, some of the accumulated glycation adducts may be omitted by enzymatic repair mechanisms while others are degraded by proteases (Vander and Hunsaker, 2003; Nemet et al., 2006). The major contributing molecules with different potentials to form AGEs are 3-deoxyglucoson, glyoxal, pentosidine, and methylglyoxal. 3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is a highly reactive dicarboxyl sugar and a precursor for AGE generation by cells, particularly when excessive glucose is taken up or when a person is diabetic. In addition, it can damage some antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase, which is inactivated by excess 3-deoxyglucosone (Tauer et al., 2001; Schalwijk et al., 1999). On the other hand, pentosidine is a fluorescent molecule and represents an adequate and sensitive marker for all AGEs within cells. It is an imidazole [4,5b] pyridinum ring formed by cross linking between lysine and arginine residues (Dyer et al., 1991; Spacek and Adam, 2002). The elevation of pentosidine is associated with ageing and related complications, including cartilage stiffness and damage that causes physical disability (Senolt et al., 2005; Verzijl et al., 2002). Glyoxal may be formed via autoxidation and spontaneous degradation of glucose by retro-aldol condensation under physiological conditions (Paul et al., 1999). The methylated form of this compound, methylglyoxal, can be produced by fragmentation of 3-deoxyglucosone and is also a byproduct of glycolysis and amino acid catabolism (Frank et al., 1996). Current knowledge of glycation indicates that it may be an Comparative Study on the Status of Glycation Precursors, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Cell Viability Under Effects of Kaempferol, Myricetin, and Azaleatin in HGC-27 Cell Line","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68279304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of pH on the Kinetics of Alanine Racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis pH对结核分枝杆菌丙氨酸外消旋酶动力学的影响

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.22186/JYI.36.1.1-4

Ryan Cook, R. Barnhart, S. Majumdar

引用次数: 3

Larger sperm size may contribute to reproductive isolation between Etheostoma species. 较大的精子大小可能会导致不同物种间的生殖隔离。

Journal of young investigators Pub Date : 2018-12-01

Mercy Arkorful, Katrina Gazo, Aaron Zweig, Laura Ott, Tamra Mendelson, Tagide deCarvalho

{"title":"Larger sperm size may contribute to reproductive isolation between Etheostoma species.","authors":"Mercy Arkorful, Katrina Gazo, Aaron Zweig, Laura Ott, Tamra Mendelson, Tagide deCarvalho","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"Etheostoma is a genus of North American darter fish whose species have similar habitats and breeding seasons, yet hybridization is rare. Behavioral barriers have been demonstrated to play a key role in maintaining species boundaries. Further, conspecific (same species) sperm precedence has also been observed when the gametes of two different species come into contact. In this study, we investigated if physical characteristics of sperm could be a mechanism for the lower fertilization success of heterospecific (different species) males when eggs are simultaneously exposed to conspecific and heterospecific sperm. We chose to examine the sperm of two closely related species, E. zonale and E. barrenense. Using toluidine blue and immunofluorescent labeling methods, we compared head diameter and tail length of sperm cells between the two species. We found that head diameter was significantly larger for E. barrenense sperm compared to E. zonale. This difference in cell morphology may point to a physical mechanism underlying conspecific sperm precedence in Etheostoma. Our results are the first to describe a morphological difference in sperm between species in this genus and provide initial evidence for the role of sperm morphology in prezygotic reproductive isolation.","PeriodicalId":74021,"journal":{"name":"Journal of young investigators","volume":"35 6","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6516065/pdf/nihms963617.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37246045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0