Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP最新文献

{"title":"Research and scholarly methods: Missing data","authors":"John P. Bentley Ph.D.,&nbsp;Jamie L. Wagner Pharm.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pharmacists frequently engage in clinical and outcomes-based research; however, not all pharmacists are knowledgeable about appropriate data analysis methodology, especially concerning the unavoidable and challenging problem of missing data. Many studies within pharmacy fail to discuss how missing data were handled, and others use missing data techniques that are less than optimal, potentially leading to biased and/or inefficient findings. Although sophisticated analysis methods can help address missing data, the adoption of these methods is not uniform. Unfortunately, there remains a lack of use, including in the pharmacy literature. This manuscript will: (1) review the problems associated with missing data, (2) describe how researchers commonly handle missing data in practice, (3) describe different types of missing data (i.e., missing data patterns and missing data mechanisms) and how to prevent missing data in the first place, (4) describe a variety of statistical methods for handling missing data, (5) discuss best practices for reporting analyses with missing data, and (6) provide an overview of advanced considerations when addressing missing data in research.</p>","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 6","pages":"486-499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jac5.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender equity perceptions among pharmacy practice faculty in pharmacy academia","authors":"Elizabeth J. Unni BPharm, Ph.D.,&nbsp;Lourdes G. Planas Ph.D.,&nbsp;Adriane N. Irwin Pharm.D., M.S.,&nbsp;Henry N. Young Ph.D.,&nbsp;Priyanka P. Gannavarapu M.S.,&nbsp;Karen Nagel-Edwards Ph.D.,&nbsp;Jamie C. Barner Ph.D.,&nbsp;Ana C. Quiñones-Boex M.S., Ph.D.,&nbsp;Michelle L. Blakely MEd, Ph.D.,&nbsp;Michelle A. Clark Ph.D.,&nbsp;Radhika Devraj Ph.D.,&nbsp;Katie J. Suda Pharm.D., M.S.,&nbsp;Tyan F. Thomas Pharm.D., M.S., MEd,&nbsp;Terri Warholak Ph.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gender equity is desired in academia, including pharmacy education. Several studies in the past have demonstrated a lack of gender equity in academia, including a recent study among social and administrative sciences faculty in pharmacy schools.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The objective of this study was to determine whether perceptions of gender inequity exist among pharmacy practice faculty.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using a validated survey instrument, gender equity perceptions related to teaching, research, service, recruitment, mentoring, and advancement were measured on a three-point Likert-type scale. Respondents were also asked if they had experienced gender inequity and, if so, at what academic rank and which type of institution. A link to the survey was sent to 2567 pharmacy practice faculty who were members of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and/or the American Pharmacists Association. Descriptive analysis, followed by chi-square proportion comparisons, was conducted at 0.05 alpha.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 155 eligible pharmacy faculty who responded to the survey, the majority were non-Hispanic white women with a Doctor of Pharmacy degree. Gender inequity was reported by 64.7% of respondents and was associated with being women and with fewer years since their terminal degree. With regard to the three pillars of academia, women were more likely to perceive that men had more research resource allocations, less teaching and student success workload, more favorable teaching evaluation scores, and more favorable options for clinical and college service types. Similar perceptions were reported for recruitment, leadership opportunities, promotion and tenure, opportunities to be mentored, and respect from peers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Experiences of gender inequity as well as perceptions of gender inequity favoring men were found, particularly among women. This calls for the broader pharmacy practice community, as well as pharmacy academia leadership, to make intentional efforts to promote gender equity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 4","pages":"271-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143827052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Framework and recommendations to support bidirectional information sharing between community pharmacies and other health care settings","authors":"Leigh Ann Ross Pharm.D., FCCP,&nbsp;Zack Dumont BSP, MS,&nbsp;Sophia M. C. Herbert Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Adriane N. Irwin Pharm.D., MS, FCCP,&nbsp;Randy McDonough Pharm.D., MS,&nbsp;Lorina Anderson Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Kyle Weber Furlow Pharm.D., MHIIM,&nbsp;Jeff Hamper Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Crystal K. Hodge Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Karen L. Kier PhD, FCCP,&nbsp;Jennifer Morris Daniel Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Ingrid Pan Pharm.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Community pharmacies are one of the most accessible locations for patients to seek health care. Services have advanced beyond prescription dispensing. Community pharmacists' access to patient health information in electronic health records (EHRs) is necessary to ensure safe and effective use of medications. The current limitation in access may result in patient safety issues, negatively affect the optimal provision of patient care, and hinder the expansion of services. Full community pharmacy read–write access to EHRs is optimal for achieving the ultimate goal of integrating community pharmacists with the health care team. The coordination and transformation will occur in a complex environment, and as such, a systematic approach is advised. A change management framework, such as the one proposed by J. P. Kotter in the landmark book <i>Leading Change</i>, is presented in this paper as a resource to facilitate this needed transformation in practice. Specific recommendations for ACCP to operationalize this framework through the College's activities include establishing a guiding coalition to articulate the ideal framework for bidirectional sharing of patient health information across the health care system, including between community pharmacies and other health service locations; facilitating the establishment of a workgroup to identify and outline collaborative, tangible steps; engaging with interprofessional EHR working groups at a national level to identify barriers and facilitate EHR integration; and considering (through the Foundation) funding opportunities for demonstration projects that accelerate integration. Further recommendations are related to professional development at professional meetings and in various formats and to regulatory change to establish relationships with EHR vendors and others in the industry to identify ways to overcome barriers to information sharing. ACCP's continued focus on meaningful connectivity for information sharing and resource allocation to address existing barriers identified through the pursuit of these recommendations has the potential to shape the future of pharmacy practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 5","pages":"406-412"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jac5.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on “Retrospective cohort study of ambulatory care pharmacist interventions' impact on incidence of therapeutic response in anxiety and depression”","authors":"Angeleki Zecopoulos Pharm.D., B.S.,&nbsp;Matthew Joseph Pharm.D., B.S.,&nbsp;Lucas A. Berenbrok Pharm.D., M.S.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70001","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining opioid stewardship","authors":"Lucas G. Hill Pharm.D., FCCP","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70002","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 3","pages":"168-170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to comment on “Restrospective cohort study of ambulatory care pharmacist interventions' impact on incidence of therapeutic response in anxiety and depression”","authors":"Ashlyn M. Kiebach Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Tara E. McAlpine Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Mitchell H. Cavanaugh Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Jessica A. Benzer Pharm.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and application of a toolkit for community pharmacist-led review of patients with diabetes","authors":"Justine Borg Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Francesca Wirth BPharm(Hons), MPhil, Ph.D.,&nbsp;Lilian M. Azzopardi BPharm(Hons), MPhil, Ph.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accessibility of community pharmacists puts them in a strategic position to support and empower patients in managing and reducing risks associated with diabetes mellitus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To develop and validate a toolkit for community pharmacist-led review of patients with diabetes, apply the toolkit, and evaluate pharmacist interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A toolkit for community pharmacists to use to review patients with diabetes was developed and validated. Sixty patients registered with a community pharmacy taking at least one antidiabetic medication were invited to participate in the study. At baseline (t0), the toolkit was used to compile chronic and non-prescription medications before the first session (t1) with the patient. During t1, the toolkit was used to assess diabetes knowledge, drug therapy, medication adherence, diabetic complications, lifestyle, laboratory investigations, and monitoring. Education and drug-related needs that were identified were documented. An intervention was proposed for each identified need, and patient follow-up was conducted after 1 month (t2) to assess if the needs were met.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From the 60 patients invited to the study, 55 patients completed the study. Needs were identified in 50 patients. Education-related needs were identified in 50 patients and drug-related needs in 18 patients. Education needs were related to medication use, storage, and therapy adherence (<i>n</i> = 28), lifestyle modifications (<i>n</i> = 26), and self-monitoring (<i>n</i> = 23). Drug-related needs involved inappropriate drug selection (<i>n</i> = 10), dose selection (<i>n</i> = 9), and medicine handling by the patient (<i>n</i> = 6). Referral to a general practitioner was required for nine patients. At t2, 65% of the identified needs were addressed. The implementation rate was highest with respect to appropriateness in dose selection (89%), followed by patient medication handling (83%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research has led to a practical toolkit to be used by community pharmacists for a structured review of patients with diabetes within a collaborative practice approach. The toolkit targets the identification of patient needs. A limitation of the study was patient self-reporting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 6","pages":"445-450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacists should not be gatekeepers but rather advocates for evidence-based substance use policies","authors":"Stuart T. Haines Pharm.D., FCCP","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70000","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 3","pages":"166-167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of patients achieving treatment success with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for weight management between primary care provider and pharmacist co-managed patients","authors":"Jacob Johnson Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Jessica Benzer Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Lisa Salvati Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Lindsey Westerhof Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Aaron Lepoire Pharm.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70024","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonists have great efficacy for weight management; however, treatment success rates with an ambulatory clinical pharmacist co-managing these agents have yet to be well established.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To compare the difference in reaching treatment success for weight management on GLP-1 agonist therapy between patients in the primary care setting co-managed by their primary care provider (PCP) and embedded ambulatory clinical pharmacists, compared with those managed by their PCP alone.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This was a retrospective cohort study that evaluated adult patients prescribed either the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide or semaglutide for weight management between October 1, 2021, and August 14, 2023. The two cohorts compared the pharmacist co-managed group versus standard stand-alone PCP management. Patients were evaluated for treatment success by losing 5% or more of their total body weight 12 weeks after achieving their maximally tolerated dose of GLP-1 agonist therapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 161 patients were included (PCP alone, <i>n</i> = 81; pharmacist co-management, <i>n</i> = 80). More patients in the pharmacist co-managed group achieved treatment success (82.5% vs. 33.3%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and lost a higher percentage of body weight at 6–8 months (9.6% vs. 6.3%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Documentation of treatment success was not complete in 59.3% of patients in the PCP alone group and 10% of patients in the pharmacist co-managed group; a significant difference in treatment success rates between groups was not observed between the pharmacist co-managed group and PCP alone groups after removing undocumented cases (91.7% vs. 81.8%, <i>p</i> = 0.187) More patients lost 5%–14.9% of their body weight in the pharmacist co-managed group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For patients treated with a GLP-1 agonist for weight management, pharmacist co-management led to higher rates of documented treatment success. However, the results are limited by a large proportion of undocumented outcomes in the PCP alone group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 5","pages":"340-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of education gaps for pharmacists treating transgender and gender-diverse patients: A quality initiative at a single academic health system","authors":"Kellyn Engstrom Pharm.D., MPH,&nbsp;Caitlin Brown Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Adley Lemke Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Kate Davis,&nbsp;Elise Moore,&nbsp;Caroline Davidge-Pitts MD,&nbsp;Alicia Mattson Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Jessica Wright Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Nathan Smith Pharm.D.,&nbsp;Francis Manuel Pharm.D.","doi":"10.1002/jac5.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jac5.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) patients experience challenges and disparities when seeking health care across a multitude of settings. Studies have demonstrated that TGD individuals experience bias when interacting with health care providers, including pharmacists in the community and hospital settings. Without proper training, pharmacists are less likely to be prepared to provide equitable and optimal patient care to TGD patients. This quality improvement initiative aimed to identify gaps in pharmacist knowledge and comfort with regard to TGD health care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 29-item reflective questionnaire was designed to collect information on pharmacist training and experiences in caring for TGD patients. The survey was distributed via email to all 490 pharmacists within a single health system and responses were collected from October 23, 2023 to November 3, 2023.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 116 pharmacists completed the survey, for a response rate of 24%. Although 77% of respondents reported caring for a TGD patient, only 21% reported receiving any formal education or training on TGD health care. While 83% of respondents agreed that formal education on TGD health care is important, and 90% indicated that education on gender-affirming therapy is important, a majority of pharmacists disagreed that they were comfortable with making recommendations and providing counseling on gender-affirming therapy. A majority of pharmacists were interested in formal education and engaging in departmental initiatives to improve TGD care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There was a gap in confidence and education in caring for TGD patients among pharmacists practicing in a single academic institution. Pharmacists reported that more education is warranted to bridge current gaps in pharmacist comfort and TGD health care.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73966,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP","volume":"8 4","pages":"264-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}