Journal of injury & violence research最新文献

{"title":"Experiences of sexual violence and their associations with suicidal ideation and behavior in the past year: an analysis of adults from the 2021 Ace Community Survey.","authors":"Brian N Fink","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1843","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This research assessed forms of sexual violence and their associations with suicidal ideation among adults identifying on the asexual identity spectrum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A secondary data analysis was conducted among adults, identifying on the asexual spectrum of asexual, gray-asexual, or demisexual, from the 2021 Ace Community Survey (n = 8,715). Multiple logistic regression analyses determined potential associations between sexual violence and suicidal ideation, adjusting for the covariates of age group, gender, education, racial/ethnic minority, employment, and asexual spectrum identity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Demisexual individuals were at statistically greater odds of suicidality compared to gray-asexual and asexual individuals. Sexual violence victims were more likely to be suicidal compared to non-victims. This was especially true for attempted rape and suicidal consideration (OR = 2.10, 95% CI (1.60, 2.75), planning (OR = 1.76, 95% CI (1.32, 2.34), and attempts (OR = 3.15, 95% CI (2.07, 4.81).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Asexual victims of sexual violence were more likely to be suicidal compared to non-victims. Demisexual individuals were more likely to be suicidal compared to asexual individuals. These findings demonstrate the need for additional research on sexual violence and suicide.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"147-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915876/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A qualitative evaluation of the challenges in management for patients with chronic diseases during disasters in Iran.","authors":"Elham Ghazanchaei, Kiyoumars Allahbakhshi, Davoud Khorasani-Zavareh, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Iraj Mohebbi","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1767","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iran's health care system faces significant challenges in managing the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, and these are exacerbated during the frequent natural disasters. The current study was designed to understand challenges in providing healthcare services to patients with diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases during such crisis periods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The conventional content analysis was used in this qualitative study. Participants included 46 patients with diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, and 36 stakeholders with knowledge and experience in disasters. Data collection was carried out employing semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four major challenges in providing care to patients with diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases during natural disasters include integrated management, physical, psychosocial health, health literacy and the behavior and barriers to healthcare delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Developing countermeasures against medical monitoring system shutdown in order to detect medical needs and problems faced by chronic disease patients including those with diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is essential in preparedness for future disasters. Developing effective solutions may result in improved preparedness and better planning of diabetic and COPD patients for disasters.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"113-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915883/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10825470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of SALT Triage method to facilitate the identification and classification of patients in Mass Casualty Incidents.","authors":"Ghasem Mehralian, Marzieh Pazokian, Yousof Akbari Shahrestanaki, Amir Salari, Amin Saberinia, Soheil Soltani","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1681","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1681","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mass Casualty Incidents (MCIs) have caused great financial losses. These incidents are referred to a situation in which the number of casualties caused by the accident temporarily increases to such an extent that it is not possible to treat all these patients with the facilities and capacities available in the area. To offer fair and proportionate medical services to all patients, it is necessary to use a process called patient triage. This study aimed to modify the Sort Assess Lifesaving Intervention Treatment/transport (SALT) triage method to simplify the differentiation of patients from green from yellow and gray from red.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a methodological study with a descriptive cross-sectional approach that by studying the SALT triage method and using the criteria defined in the Reference Standard, facilitates the identification of patients with a minor (Outpatient) and fatal injury (Expectant). Then, using two common and modified SALT triage methods, 100 simulated patients were triaged and the obtained data were evaluated and compared in terms of accuracy and speed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The improvement made in the SALT triage method was able to reduce 22% of the total triage error of the first nurse and improved 18% in green, 43% in yellow, 15% in red, and 13% in the gray category. In the second nurse, this method was able to reduce 29% of the errors and in the category of green patients, 41%, yellow 47%, red was unchanged, and gray 38% improvement was observed. Furthermore, the average triage rate was 4 and 5 seconds shorter per patient in the first and second nurses, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>With this modification, the diagnostic power has increased by 22% in the first nurse and 29% in the second nurse. Due to the significant increase in the accuracy of the mSALT (Modified SALT) triage method, this modification can be considered useful and can be used to advance the goals of triage in MCIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"137-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915875/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9781658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender difference in the perceived cause of fall leading to fracture and its potentially contributing factors among older adults.","authors":"Mahdieh Ardaneh, Mohammad Fararouei, Jafar Hassanzadeh","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1788","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>the present study aimed to investigate gender difference in the perceived cause (intrinsic or extrinsic) of falls leading to fracture (FLF) and its association with selected social, health, and environmental factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All patients aged 60 years or older who were admitted to two referral hospitals due to FLF from August 1, 2018, to the end of May 2019, were included in the study. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to collect the required data from 300 participants (136 men and 164 women).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When compared to men, women were less physical active, were less smoker, had lower education, had more vision problems, used more sedatives, and were more satisfied with their life (P less than 0.05 for all). No statistical difference was observed between men and women about the perceived cause of Fall.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although women and men were the same in the perceived cause of fall, they had considerably riskier lifestyles and lower health status. These factors include education, vision condition, physical activity, occupation, and taking sleeping pills. On the other hand, men were more smoker and alcohol user.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10297730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the effectiveness of Gross model-based cognitive emotion regulation training in the improvement of Love Trauma Syndrome, Hoping and Positive Affect Negative Affect among female students with love trauma.","authors":"Sayed Ali Sharifi Fard, Akbar Ata-Dokht, Sajjad Bashar Poor, Golnaz Ali Babaei","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1824","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emotional sadness caused by the experience of the loss of a romantic relationship can lead to love trauma syndrome, which includes a set of psychopathology symptoms. The present study was also conducted to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive emotion regulation training based on the Gross model in improving the love trauma syndrome, hoping and positive affect negative affect among female students with love trauma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research method was experimental (pre-test and post-test with the control group). The statistical population was all the female students with love trauma at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and 34 participants (17 participants in each group) were selected by purposive sampling. Also, in order to determine the target sample from the Love Trauma Syndromes Inventory (LTSI-10), to implement the intervention of the cognitive emotion regulation program based on the Gross model, and to measure dependent variables in addition to the LTSI, Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-20) and Miller Hope Scale (MHS-48) were used. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was also used for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the assumptions (homogeneity of covariances and variances) are maintained. Also, the effect of group membership shows the significant impact of the intervention on the love trauma syndrome (p less than 0.01), negative affect (p less than 0.01), hope (p less than 0.01), and no effect on positive affect (p greater than 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Therefore, after identifying individuals with love trauma, the intervention of cognitive emotion regulation can be done on them in a group to reduce the symptoms of psychological harms in them and also to cognitive strategies, and to equip them for problem solving or compatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10030176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of injuries during Iran wheelchair basketball professional league: predictive risk factors and prevention strategies.","authors":"Mohammadreza Mahmoudkhani, Mehdi Norouzi, Zahra Fathi, Behnaz Charehjoo, Mona Oftadehgan, Fatemeh Alizadeh, Mahsa Miri","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1846","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Very few studies have investigated athletes with disabilities during a long period of competitions, such as a professional league. Also, there are limited findings related to specific mechanisms and risk factors of injury, and prevention strategies in Wheelchair Basketball. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the rate and characteristics of injuries in the 2021-2022 Iran Wheelchair Basketball League and present prevention strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted after the 2021-2022 (Mar 2021-Sep 2022) competition season. The sample size consists of 36 players, who were randomly selected among 129 players. All the data was processed using SPSS (version 21).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>111 injuries were registered, equivalent to 132 per 100 players (95% CI: 100-180) and 8.16 Injuries per 1000 hours of athlete exposure (6.2-9.8). Also, 77.8% occurred during training and 22.2% in competitions. Most injuries affected the fingers and hands (35.13%), and shoulders (22.57%). The most common types of injuries were contusions (30.63%), laceration and skin lesion (23.42%), and muscle spasms (13.51%), in which, half of the injuries were slight (0-1 days), 27.8% (mild 4-7 days), and 22.2% moderate (8-28 days). Also, 66.9% of injuries were new, and 33.1% were recurrent. Most situations and actions leading to injury include quick wheelchair pushing (29.72%), the intense ball hitting (17.14%), and sudden stops or changes of direction of the wheelchair (12.63%). A multiple linear regression analysis (Enter method) demonstrated (R2 Adjusted=0.530) Wheelchair inappropriateness (P=0.015), lack of protective equipment (P=0.028), and previous injury (P=0.003) explained close to 55% of the injury rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The injury rate during the league period was higher than the amounts reported from Paralympic games. Prevention strategies should be focused on rethinking athletes' pre-season readiness evaluation, return to play assessments and protection equipment technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"171-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915874/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9945354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters: a protocol for a systematic review.","authors":"Bayram Nejati-Zarnaqi, Davoud Khorasani-Zavareh, Sanaz Sohrabizadeh, Mohtasham Ghaffari, Siamak Sabour, Reza Mohammadi","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1830","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1830","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knowledge about the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after disasters is scare. The objective of the present study is to identify the factors affecting the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters employing a systematic review study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The protocol of this review has been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) with the code CRD42021228552. Using MEDLIN (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus and ISC database as well as studies related to the research topic till the end of 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was used to find articles related to the research objective. Thematic content analysis then was used for concepts extraction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This systematic review identifies factors affecting the spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both systematic review as well as qualitative study are essential in order to explore spiritual rehabilitation of affected people after natural disasters, while the current study was employed systematic review. It is expected that planners and policy-makers can use the extracted factors for improving the spiritual rehabilitation of people affected by natural disasters.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"165-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10297733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-Co-V-2 positive status is associated with a more seriously injured population of trauma patients but not independently associated with worse outcomes of trauma care.","authors":"Bryan G Maxwell, Andrea Greenlaw, Jeffrey Mako, Megan R Lundeberg","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1818","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>SARS-CoV-2 positive status has been considered a predominantly incidental finding among trauma patients. We sought to examine whether concurrent infection is associated with worse outcomes in a contemporary cohort of injured patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective cohort analysis of a level I trauma center's institutional registry from May 1, 2020 through June 30, 2021. The prevalence of COVID in the trauma population was compared monthly using prevalence ratios relative to population estimates. Unadjusted cohorts of COVID+ vs COVID- trauma patients were compared. COVID+ patients then were matched on age, mechanism of injury, year, and injury severity score (ISS) with COVID- controls for adjusted analysis with a primary composite outcome of mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of n=2,783 trauma activations, n=51 (1.8%) were COVID+. Compared to the general population, the trauma population had prevalence ratios for COVID of 5.3 to 79.7 (median=20.8). Compared to COVID- patients, COVID+ patients had worse outcomes, including a higher proportion who were admitted to the ICU, required intubation, underwent a major operation, and had greater total charges and a longer length of stay. However, these differences appeared related to more severe injury patterns in the COVID+ cohort. In the adjusted analysis, no significant differences between groups in any of the outcome variables were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Worse trauma outcomes in COVID+ patients appear to be correlated to the more substantial patterns of injury observed in this group. Trauma patients have substantially higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity than the local population at large. These results reinforce that this population is vulnerable to multiple threats. They will guide the ongoing delivery of care in shaping the needs for testing, PPE for those delivering care, and the capacity and operational needs of trauma systems that must care for a population with such high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"129-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10105645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability of existing definitions for drowning to meet the new definition: a scoping review.","authors":"Ali Davoudi Kiakalayeh, Reza Mohammadi, Shahrokh Yousefzade Chabok, Sajad Davoudi Kiakalayeh","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1816","DOIUrl":"10.5249/jivr.v15i2.1816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Past studies have shown a lack of consensus on the definition and terminology of drowning among experts in the field and relevant organizations. There is a need for a new look at the definition of drowning to improve the understanding of drowning events.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search of seven electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CINHAL, MEDLINE, Sport Discus, and Social Sciences from 1960 to 2020 was conducted using the MESH search terms \"drowning\", \"near-drowning\", \"submersion\", and \"immersion\". Cochrane databases were also searched for systematic reviews The items were searched in all fields of publication, including title, abstract, and keyword.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search identified approximately 2500 articles, 230 of which were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were applied to the full text of 230 articles, and 25 articles addressing the different definitions of drowning were assessed. They were reviewed critically by authors using a standard review form. The search identified that there were at least 20 different outcome measures for drowning incidents reported. Definitions of drowning in the literature were found for the following terms: dry versus wet drowning, secondary drowning, drowned and near-drowned, drowning without aspiration and drowning with aspiration, near drowning without aspiration or with aspiration, active drowning, passive drowning, silent drowning, witnessed and unwitnessed, immersion, submersion, death certificate records drowning, unintentional submersion, road traffic injury leading to passenger vehicle drowning, drowning, near drowning, salt or freshwater drowning, and cold water drowning.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the literature, a lack of consensus was observed but the following terms should not be abandoned; \"Non-fatal drowning\" which is used to describe death following rescue and life with at least 24 hours of in-hospital survival and the development of one or more complications and \"Fatal drowning\" which implies death occurring at the scene or 24 h of a submersion incident.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"15 2","pages":"107-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10915881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9605190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seat belt use among rural non-drivers: the role of demographic and traffic-related variables.","authors":"Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani, Fatemeh Malekpour, Yousef Mohammadian, Tohid Jafari-Koshki, Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai, Mehdi Khansari, Alireza Malekpour, Masoumeh Maleki Marzroud","doi":"10.5249/jivr.v16i1.1852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v16i1.1852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rate of seat belt use in rural societies is less than in urban societies. The present study aimed to determine the effect of demographic and traffic-related variables on seat belt use among rural non-drivers based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted among 450 non-drivers in the rural areas of Hashtroud district in Iran. For collection of data, a questionnaire containing questions about demographic characteristics and general information on traffic-related behaviors of non-drivers, and questions on seat belt use based on constructs of the TPB was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lowest seat belt use rate was for non-drivers that sit in the rear seat of a car on rural roads (22.4 % never, 14.4 % always). Also, the rate of seat belt use among parents of participants on rural roads was lower than on city roads. Adherence to traffic rules and having training about seat belt use had significant effects on the construct of TPB, including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and behavior of seat belt use. With increasing age, subjective norms about seat belt use have improved. The attitude toward seat belt use among females was better than males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The result indicated that most of rural non-drivers did not adhere to traffic rules. Adherence to the traffic rules and having training on seat belt use had a significant impact on seat belt use behavior. Training seat belt use especially by parents could be effective in improving seat belt use.</p>","PeriodicalId":73795,"journal":{"name":"Journal of injury & violence research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}