Journal of epilepsy research最新文献

{"title":"Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Wistar Male Albino Rats with Reference to Glutamate Metabolism.","authors":"Sivaprasad Kanchi, Gurusekhar Meesala","doi":"10.14581/jer.24004","DOIUrl":"10.14581/jer.24004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Epilepsy is a common and heterogenous neurological disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. Animal models like rats play a crucial role in finding of mechanism of epilepsy in different brain regions. i.e., cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and pons medulla. Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and also glutamate plays a vital role in neuronal development and memory. The process of neuronal death evolved by glutamate receptor activation, has been hypothesized in both acute and chronic degenerative disorders including epilepsy. Considering the multifactorial neurochemical and neurophysiological malfunctions consequent to epileptic seizures, a few antiepileptic drugs are designed, to mitigate the debilitating aspects of epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rat model, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), an anticonvulsant drug, was selected for the present study. Induction of epilepsy/convulsions was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (60 mg/kg body weight) in saline. Biochemical assays performed through spectrophotometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Glutamine and Glutamine synthetase levels were decreased in the epileptic rats brain regions i.e., hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and pons medulla; glutamate dehydrogenase and glutaminase levels were increased in all the regions of epilepsy induced rats. Highest values are recorded in hippocampus when compared to other brain regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PTZ suppresses the function of Glutamine and Glutamine synthetase activities in selected brain regions of rat and enhances the activities of the glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase when compared to control rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"14 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unmasking a Hidden Culprit: Neurocysticercosis, an Overlooked Cause of Acquired Epilepsy.","authors":"Airenakho Emorinken, Cyril O Erameh, Blessyn O Akpasubi, Gbenga J Odunlami","doi":"10.14581/jer.24007","DOIUrl":"10.14581/jer.24007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a common parasitic brain infestation caused by the ingestion of Taenia solium eggs, predominantly in developing countries. In this report, we presented the case of a 44-year-old woman who exhibited stroke symptoms and had a decade-long history of recurrent headaches and epilepsy. At presentation, a non-contrast computed tomography scan of the brain was performed and revealed hypodense oval lesions and calcified cysts in both cerebral hemispheres, strongly indicative of NCC. The patient responded positively to treatment with dexamethasone, albendazole, and carbamazepine. This case study underscores the importance of neuroimaging in investigating patients with neurological conditions like epilepsy, especially in developing countries. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial in preventing and controlling NCC, reducing its impact on public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"14 1","pages":"42-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive Anticonvulsive Effects of Sumatriptan and Morphine on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Clonic Seizures in Mice.","authors":"Ramtin Gholizadeh, Faezeh Eslami, Pegah Dejban, Mehdi Ghasemi, Nastaran Rahimi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour","doi":"10.14581/jer.24002","DOIUrl":"10.14581/jer.24002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and purpose: </strong>Sumatriptan protects the brain from damage and enhance the anti-seizure effect of morphine. There is evidence that nitric oxide (NO) may mediate these effects of both drugs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of sumatriptan (0.1-20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and morphine (0.1-20 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination on seizure thresholds in an <i>in vivo</i> model of seizure in mice. Using various NO synthase inhibitors as well as the NO precursor, we assessed possible involvement of NO signaling in these effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clonic seizures were induced in male Naval Medical Research Institute mice by intravenous administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acute sumatriptan administration exerted anti-convulsive effects at 0.5 (<i>p</i><0.01) and 1 mg/kg (<i>p</i><0.05), but pro-convulsive effects at 20 mg/kg (<i>p</i><0.05). Morphine had anti-convulsive effects at 0.5 (<i>p</i><0.05) and 1 mg/kg (<i>p</i><0.001), but exerted pro-convulsive effect at 20 mg/kg (<i>p</i><0.05). Combination treatment with sub-effective doses of sumatriptan (0.1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.1 mg/kg) significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) exerted an anti-convulsive effect. Co-administration of the NO precursor L-arginine (60 mg/kg) with sub-effective doses of sumatriptan and morphine significantly (<i>p</i><0.05) increased seizure threshold compared with sumatriptan alone, but not sumatriptan+morphine group. While concomitant administration of either the non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-N^G-nitroarginine methyl ester (5 mg/kg) or the selective inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg) with combined sub-effective doses of morphine and sumatriptan produced significant anticonvulsive effects, concomitant administration with the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (30 mg/kg) inhibited this effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data suggest a possible role for the NO signaling in the anticonvulsive effects of combined sumatriptan and morphine on the PTZ-induced clonic seizures in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"14 1","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laughter-Induced Seizures: A Rare Type of Reflex Epilepsy.","authors":"Hussein Algahtani, Bader Shirah, Sarah Algahtani, Nawal Abdelgaffar","doi":"10.14581/jer.24009","DOIUrl":"10.14581/jer.24009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research explores the rare occurrence of laughter-induced seizures, a form of reflex epilepsy documented in only one previous case in the literature. The patient, free from prior medical or neuropsychiatric history, exhibited seizures triggered solely by laughter. Electroencephalography and neuroimaging revealed normal results. Despite declining medical therapy, lifestyle modifications enabled seizure management. The study emphasizes the dearth of data on laughter-induced seizures, prompting the consideration of multimodal strategies for treatment. Further research is imperative to unveil the precise pathophysiology and establish standardized therapeutic approaches for this uncommon epileptic manifestation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"14 1","pages":"50-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11227924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141560473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who are the Better Candidates for Epilepsy Surgery?","authors":"Sang Kun Lee","doi":"10.14581/jer.23006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.23006","url":null,"abstract":"The resective epilepsy surgery can be the effective procedure to get seizure-free outcome in these drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients. Class I evidence firmly establishes the superiority of epilepsy surgery over medical treatments in both seizure control and quality of life for DRE patients. For the effective identification of optimal surgical candidates, it's essential to understand the prognostic factors of epilepsy surgery based on the surgical methods employed. Established positive prognostic indicators for temporal resection include the presence of hippocampal sclerosis on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focal lesions on MRI, unilateral temporal spikes, concordant ictal electroencephalography (EEG), and a history of prolonged febrile convulsion. Potential negative predictors encompass preoperative secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, a normal MRI, postoperative EEG spikes, and age at the time of surgery. For neocortical epilepsy, the prognostic factors identified through multivariate analysis were the presence of a discrete lesion, localized hypometabolism on Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and localized ictal EEG. A significant correlation was found between achieving a seizure-free outcome in no visible lesion on MRI (MR-negative) epilepsy patients and having concordance in two or more presurgical evaluations, specifically in interictal EEG, ictal EEG, FDG-PET, and ictal single-photon emission computed tomography. There was a marked improvement in the seizure-free outcome in MR-negative temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) by the application of this strategy. The better surgical candidates for epilepsy surgery are the followings: patients displaying a discrete lesion on MRI with concordant video-EEG monitoring (VEM) results, patients diagnosed with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis who have concordant VEM results, patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis but discordant VEM results, patients with focal cortical dysplasia and concordant VEM results, and patients diagnosed with MR-negative TLE who exhibit two or more consistent results from presurgical evaluations.","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"111 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139134531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing of Biotin-Thiamine Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease after Accidental Ingestion of Ethyl Alcohol: A Case Report","authors":"Abdullah Nasser Aldosari, Aida Arisha, Ahmed Ibrahim, Mohamed Gongi","doi":"10.14581/jer.23010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.23010","url":null,"abstract":"Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a rare, inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by mutations in the SLC19A3 gene and characterized by recurrent sub-acute episodes of encephalopathy that are often triggered by infections. Patients with BTBGD have classical neuroimaging findings and a dramatic response to high doses of thiamine. Herein, we report a 2 and a half-year-old Saudi girl presented with an acute onset of ataxia, slurred speech, and dysphagia, which was preceded by a history of accidental ingestion of around 20 mL of ethyl alcohol that is used in formulating perfumes 1 day earlier. Her older brother had a similar clinical presentation and was diagnosed with BTBGD. The patient was fully alert and spoke in full sentences with dysarthria. She was unable to walk unassisted. Investigation revealed a positive toxicity test for ethyl alcohol (10 mg/dL), and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed basal ganglia changes consistent with BTBGD. The dramatic response to high doses of thiamine suggested SLC19A3 as a strong candidate gene, and Sanger sequencing revealed a homozygous (NM_025243.4): c.1264A>G (p.Thr422Ala) mutation. Patients with BTBGD should be cautious and aware of ethyl alcohol products, which can lead to a BTBGD crisis. The administration of a high dose of thiamin may be required in patients who have not responded to the recommended dose. Further clinical research is required to determine the optimal doses.","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac Abnormalities in Refractory Status Epilepticus-an Exploratory Study","authors":"Deepika Saroha, Samhita Panda, S. Deora, Sadik Mohammed","doi":"10.14581/jer.23007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.23007","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Cardiac abnormalities have been reported during ongoing seizures and refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac arrhythmias may contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. We sought to explore the utility of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes in patients with RSE prognosis and functional outcome.Methods: Patients of RSE underwent electrocardiogram (ECG), holter, troponin-I (Trop I), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and 2-dimensional echocardiogram (2D Echo) along with continuous electroencephalogram in first 24 hours and admission. Heart rate changes/arrhythmias, corrected QT interval (QTc) and HRV, ventricular dysfunction or regional motion wall abnormality were studied on 2D Echo. These parameters were also at baseline, at discharge or death and 30 days post discharge.Results: This prospective observational study conducted over 18 months enrolled 20 patients with RSE, fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 47.75±17.2 years with male: female ratio of 1:1. Mean time to presentation from seizure onset was 8.80±7.024 hours. Central nervous system infection (35.0%), autoimmune encephalitis (20.0%) and cerebrovascular disease (20.0%) were the common etiologies. Amongst cardiac injury markers, cardiac enzymes and QTc prolongation were the commonest abnormalities in RSE. Both reduced HRV and presence of cardiac injury markers had significant correlation with poor outcome along with poor Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and modified Rankin scale (mRS) at presentation, and presence of non convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE).Conclusions: Presence of poor GCS, poor mRS, markers of cardiac injury, reduced HRV and occurrence of NCSE have a consistent correlation with mortality and poor clinical outcome. Therefore, routine assessment of cardiac abnormalities using affordable, easily accessible and non-invasive tools such as ECG, 2D Echo, holter NT-proBNP and Trop I is recommended in RSE patients.","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":" 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Headache Is a Common Aura in Patients with Generalized Seizures","authors":"D. Kwack, Dong Wook Kim","doi":"10.14581/jer.23008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.23008","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Purpose: Although aura in epilepsy is usually considered as a phenomenon in patients with focal seizures, headache can occur as an aura or solitary epileptic symptom in patients with generalized seizures.Methods: We performed a 14-year retrospective study of patients with generalized seizures and analyzed the proportion and characteristics of patients with auras including headache.Results: Among the 102 patients diagnosed with generalized seizures, aura was reported in 45 patients and headache was the most common aura in 26 patients. The age of onset of seizures was significantly lower in patients with headache as an aura than in patients without headache (14.8±3.8 vs. 24.7±16.2; p=0.003).Conclusions: Our study showed that headache was the most common aura in patients with generalized seizures and patients with a younger age of onset of seizures were more likely to experience headache as an aura in these patients.","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"24 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139129924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aphasic Status Epilepticus Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical and Electrographic Characteristics","authors":"Hyoung Cheol Lee, Byung-Kun Kim, Kyusik Kang, Woong-Woo Lee, Ilhan Yoo, Yong Soo Kim, Jung-Ju Lee","doi":"10.14581/jer.23009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.23009","url":null,"abstract":"In aphasic status epilepticus (ASE), aphasia is the sole manifestation of seizure in patients with this disorder. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of neurological disorders causing ASE. Herein, we report two cases of ASE associated with AD, and discuss their clinical characteristics. Patient 1 presented Broca’s aphasia, and patient 2 presented global aphasia during the ictal period. Both patients exhibited atypical ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns, which improved after antiepileptic drug administration. ASE was the presenting symptom of AD in patient 1. ASE can develop at any stage of AD. Alterations in clinical symptoms and EEG patterns after treatment with antiepileptic drug are the key to diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical for preventing further consciousness dysfunction.","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":" 1249","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issues of Women with Epilepsy and Suitable Antiseizure Drugs","authors":"Sang Kun Lee","doi":"10.14581/jer.23005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.23005","url":null,"abstract":"Seizure aggravation in women with epilepsy (WWE) tends to occur at two specific times during the menstrual cycle: the perimenstrual phase and the ovulation period. Antiseizure drugs (ASDs), especially those that induce enzymes, can accelerate the metabolism of hormones in oral contraceptives, rendering them less effective. Estrogen in contraceptive pills increases the metabolism of lamotrigine. Physiological changes during pregnancy can significantly impact the pharmacokinetics of ASDs, potentially necessitating adjustments in dosage for women with epilepsy to maintain seizure control. The use of valproate in pregnant women is associated with the highest risk of major congenital malformations among ASDs. Risks of major congenital malformations associated with lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and oxcarbazepine were within the range reported in the general population. Exposure to valproate can lead to lower IQ in offspring. Reduced folic acid levels are linked to orofacial clefts, cardiovascular malformations, and urogenital and limb anomalies in WWE. Decreased folate levels are expected with the use of enzyme-inducing ASDs. However, a high dose of folate was associated with an increased risk of cancer in children of mothers with epilepsy. Most ASDs are generally considered safe for breastfeeding and should be encouraged. However, no single ASD is considered ideal for childbearing WWE. Lamotrigine and levetiracetam are relatively more suitable options for this situation.","PeriodicalId":73741,"journal":{"name":"Journal of epilepsy research","volume":"117 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}