Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie最新文献

Science, Values, and the New Demarcation Problem. 科学、价值观和新划界问题。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2

David B Resnik, Kevin C Elliott

{"title":"Science, Values, and the New Demarcation Problem.","authors":"David B Resnik, Kevin C Elliott","doi":"10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10838-022-09633-2","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, many philosophers of science have rejected the \"value-free ideal\" for science, arguing that non-epistemic values have a legitimate role to play in scientific inquiry. However, this philosophical position raises the question of how to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate influences of values in science. In this paper, we argue that those seeking to address this \"new\" demarcation problem can benefit by drawing lessons from the \"old\" demarcation problem, in which philosophers tried to find a way of distinguishing between science and non-science. Many of those who worked on this problem ultimately found that efforts to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for defining science failed, and most concluded that the best solution to the problem was to characterize scientific hypotheses, theories, and research programs in terms of some common norms. We suggest that those seeking to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate value influences on science would do well to adopt a similar approach. Rather than attempting to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for identifying appropriate value influences, it will be more fruitful to evaluate scientific activities based on their adherence to a set of epistemic and ethical norms that can be implemented in scientific practice by means of rules, conventions, policies, and procedures.","PeriodicalId":73570,"journal":{"name":"Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie","volume":"54 2","pages":"259-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9944799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9677405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Does Meta-induction Justify Induction: Or Maybe Something Else? 元归纳法是否证明了归纳法的合理性：或者其他什么？

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-022-09620-7

J Brian Pitts

{"title":"Does Meta-induction Justify Induction: Or Maybe Something Else?","authors":"J Brian Pitts","doi":"10.1007/s10838-022-09620-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-022-09620-7","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Feigl-Reichenbach-Salmon-Schurz pragmatic justification of induction, no predictive method is guaranteed or even likely to work for predicting the future; but if anything will work, induction will work-at least when induction is employed at the meta-level of predictive methods in light of their track records. One entertains a priori all manner of esoteric prediction methods, and is said to arrive a posteriori at the conclusion, based on the actual past, that object-level induction is optimal. Schurz's refinements largely solve the notorious short-run problem. A difficulty is noted, however, related to short-run worries but based on localized disagreement about the past, a feature characteristic of real debates (especially early modern) involving induction in intellectual history. Given the evidence about past events, unfiltered by induction, meta-induction might support a partly non-inductive method-especially as judged by proponents of esoteric prediction methods, who presumably believe that their methods have worked. Thus induction is justified meta-inductively in contexts where it was uncontroversial, while not obviously justified in key contexts where it has been disputed. This objection, momentarily sensed by Reichenbach regarding clairvoyance, is borne out by the Stoics' use of meta-induction to justify both science and divination and by ancient Hebrew examples of meta-induction. Schurz's recently introduced criteria for acceptance of testimony play a crucial role in arriving at object-level induction using meta-induction, but one might question them. Given the need for judgment in accepting testimony, it is unclear that the subjectivity of Howson's Bayesian answer to Hume's problem is overcome.","PeriodicalId":73570,"journal":{"name":"Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie","volume":"54 3","pages":"393-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10511355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41159375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Otto Neurath's Scientific Utopianism Revisited-A Refined Model for Utopias in Thought Experiments. 奥托·诺伊拉特的科学乌托邦主义再访——思想实验中乌托邦主义的精典。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-022-09630-5

Alexander Linsbichler, Ivan Ferreira da Cunha

{"title":"Otto Neurath's Scientific Utopianism Revisited-A Refined Model for Utopias in Thought Experiments.","authors":"Alexander Linsbichler, Ivan Ferreira da Cunha","doi":"10.1007/s10838-022-09630-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10838-022-09630-5","url":null,"abstract":"Otto Neurath's empiricist methodology of economics and his contributions to political economy have gained increasing attention in recent years. We connect this research with contemporary debates regarding the epistemological status of thought experiments by reconstructing Neurath's utopias as linchpins of thought experiments. In our three reconstructed examples of different uses of utopias/dystopias in thought experiments we employ a reformulation of Häggqvist's model for thought experiments and we argue that: (1) Our reformulation of Häggqvist's model more adequately complies with many uses of thought experiments, especially with the open-ended discussions of utopias and dystopias in thought experiments. (2) As a strict logical empiricist, Neurath is committed to a strictly empiricist account of thought experiments. John Norton's empiricist argument view can indeed account for the justifications of empirical beliefs and genuine discoveries targeted by scientific utopianism in three distinct (yet connected) ways, all of which Neurath already contemplated: (2.I) Dealing with utopias and thought experiments on a regular basis increases creativity and inventiveness. (2.II) Particular ways of presenting knowledge facilitate scientific discovery and social progress. (2.III) The use of utopias in thought experiments can prompt conceptual change and allow access to new phenomena. We conclude by highlighting that, even though thought experiments support a positive attitude for exploring new social possibilities, Neurath points out that active decisions are unavoidable. The exploration of alternatives and the awareness of a need for decisions in policy discussion avert a technocratic outlook in social science.","PeriodicalId":73570,"journal":{"name":"Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie","volume":"54 2","pages":"233-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10261236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9656535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Direct Inference and Probabilistic Accounts of Induction. 直接推理和概率论的归纳法。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2022-01-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-021-09584-0

Jon Williamson

引用次数: 0

Rebuttal to Douglas and Elliott. 反驳道格拉斯和埃利奥特。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-022-09616-3

Robert Hudson

引用次数: 0

Revisiting the Basic/Applied Science Distinction: The Significance of Urgent Science for Science Funding Policy. 重新审视基础科学与应用科学的区别:紧急科学对科学资助政策的意义。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-021-09575-1

Jamie Shaw

引用次数: 5

A Synthesis of the Formats for Correcting Erroneous and Fraudulent Academic Literature, and Associated Challenges. 更正错误和欺诈性学术文献的格式及相关挑战综述。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-022-09607-4

Jaime A Teixeira da Silva

{"title":"A Synthesis of the Formats for Correcting Erroneous and Fraudulent Academic Literature, and Associated Challenges.","authors":"Jaime A Teixeira da Silva","doi":"10.1007/s10838-022-09607-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10838-022-09607-4","url":null,"abstract":"Academic publishing is undergoing a highly transformative process, and many established rules and value systems that are in place, such as traditional peer review (TPR) and preprints, are facing unprecedented challenges, including as a result of post-publication peer review. The integrity and validity of the academic literature continue to rely naively on blind trust, while TPR and preprints continue to fail to effectively screen out errors, fraud, and misconduct. Imperfect TPR invariably results in imperfect papers that have passed through varying levels of rigor of screening and validation. If errors or misconduct were not detected during TPR's editorial screening, but are detected at the post-publication stage, an opportunity is created to correct the academic record. Currently, the most common forms of correcting the academic literature are errata, corrigenda, expressions of concern, and retractions or withdrawals. Some additional measures to correct the literature have emerged, including manuscript versioning, amendments, partial retractions and retract and replace. Preprints can also be corrected if their version is updated. This paper discusses the risks, benefits and limitations of these forms of correcting the academic literature.Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10838-022-09607-4.","PeriodicalId":73570,"journal":{"name":"Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie","volume":"53 4","pages":"583-599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9159037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10760686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Should We Strive to Make Science Bias-Free? A Philosophical Assessment of the Reproducibility Crisis. 我们应该努力使科学无偏见吗?可重复性危机的哲学评价。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-020-09548-w

Robert Hudson

{"title":"Should We Strive to Make Science Bias-Free? A Philosophical Assessment of the Reproducibility Crisis.","authors":"Robert Hudson","doi":"10.1007/s10838-020-09548-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10838-020-09548-w","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, many scientists have become concerned about an excessive number of failures to reproduce statistically significant effects. The situation has become dire enough that the situation has been named the 'reproducibility crisis'. After reviewing the relevant literature to confirm the observation that scientists do indeed view replication as currently problematic, I explain in philosophical terms why the replication of empirical phenomena, such as statistically significant effects, is important for scientific progress. Following that explanation, I examine various diagnoses of the reproducibility crisis, and argue that for the majority of scientists the crisis is due, at least in part, to a form of publication bias. This conclusion sets the stage for an assessment of the view that evidential relations in science are inherently value-laden, a view championed by Heather Douglas and Kevin Elliott. I argue, in response to Douglas and Elliott, and as motivated by the meta-scientific resistance scientists harbour to a publication bias, that if we advocate the value-ladenness of science the result would be a deepening of the reproducibility crisis.","PeriodicalId":73570,"journal":{"name":"Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie","volume":"52 3","pages":"389-405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10838-020-09548-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39666592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Thematic Reclassifications and Emerging Sciences. 专题重分类与新兴科学。

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10838-020-09526-2

Raphaël Sandoz

引用次数: 2

Weiterführende Literatur 中学文学

Journal for general philosophy of science = Zeitschrift fur allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-476-04743-4_14

Stephan Kornmesser, Wilhelm Büttemeyer

引用次数: 0