Advances in Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Restoration of mitochondrial structure and function within <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> VacA intoxicated cells.","authors":"Robin L Holland,&nbsp;Kristopher D Bosi,&nbsp;Ami Y Seeger,&nbsp;Steven R Blanke","doi":"10.4236/aim.2023.138026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2023.138026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is an intracellular, mitochondrial-targeting exotoxin that rapidly causes mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation. Although VacA targeting of mitochondria has been reported to alter overall cellular metabolism, there is little known about the consequences of extended exposure to the toxin. Here, we describe studies to address this gap in knowledge, which have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation are followed by a time-dependent recovery of mitochondrial structure, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and cellular ATP levels. Cells exposed to VacA also initially demonstrated a reduction in oxidative phosphorylation, as well as increase in compensatory aerobic glycolysis. These metabolic alterations were reversed in cells with limited toxin exposure, congruent with the recovery of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the absence of cytochrome <i>c</i> release from the mitochondria. Taken together, these results are consistent with a model that mitochondrial structure and function are restored in VacA-intoxicated cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"13 8","pages":"399-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10470862/pdf/nihms-1926559.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10207150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex PCR for Identification and Detection of Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses in Togo","authors":"Senya Sakina Allado, Djodji Kossikouma Adjata, Justin Simon Pita, Assion Sétu Mivedor, Kodjovi Atassé Dansou-Kodjo, Koffi Tozo","doi":"10.4236/aim.2023.1311033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2023.1311033","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by Cassava Mosaic Begomoviruses (CMBs) is one of the most devastating crop diseases and a major constraint for cassava production. In order to ensure surveillance for epidemic prevention, low-cost diagnostic tools are appropriate for large-scale testing of cassava viruses. Multiplex PCR diagnosis is one approach that can reduce diagnostic costs and delays. A multiplex PCR approach was developed for simultaneous detection of African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), East African Cassava Mosaic Virus and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMV/CM) in Togo CMD-infected cassava leaves. Three primers pairs were used to target their respective viruses in a single tube PCR. Multiplex PCR detected ACMV, EACMV and EACMV/CM in plant DNA extracts prepared from cassava leaves infected with CMB. The primers amplified 783 bp specific to ACMV, 650 bp specific to EACMV and 560 bp specific to EACMCV/CM in both uniplex and multiplex formats. Multiplex PCR is an excellent tool for the effective control of cassava diseases.","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135658922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Microbiological Quality of Poultry Imported into Togo and the Antibiotic Resistance of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Salmonella&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; spp. Isolated","authors":"Kossi Touglo, Yawavi Justine Sanni, Lionel Amegan, Koffi Akolly, Yaovi Akoula Nuto, Wembo Afiwa Halatoko, Adodo Sadji, Bawimodom Bidjada, Bouraïma Djeri, Simplice Damintoti Karou, Yaovi Agbekponou Ameyapoh","doi":"10.4236/aim.2023.1310032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2023.1310032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135312418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"16S rRNA Gene-Based Metagenomic Analysis of Soil Bacterial Diversity in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo","authors":"Irène Marie Cécile Mboukou Kimbatsa, Itsouhou Ngô, Armel Ibala Zamba, Faly Armel Soloka Mabika, Thantique Moutali Lingouangou, Joseph Goma-Tchimbakala, Etienne Nguimbi","doi":"10.4236/aim.2023.139031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2023.139031","url":null,"abstract":"Soil contains a great diversity of microorganisms, among which are bacteria. This study aimed to explore bacterial diversity in soil samples in Brazzaville in the Republic of the Congo. Environmental DNA was extracted. The illumina MiSeq sequencing was held and the diversity indices have been computed. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed 21 Phyla, four of which were abundant: Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Soil microbial communities in the studied samples were phylogenetically diverse but with a stable community structure. 17 classes are represented with relative abundances of Rihzobiales, Bacillales, Actinomycetales and Acidobacteriales. 40 families, the Alphaproteobacteria, the Bacilli and the 12 Actinobacteria. 83 orders among which the Rhizobiales are the most abundant followed by Bacillales and the least abundant followed by the Flavobacteriaceae. Of the 28 genera listed, the Bradyrhizobium is the most dominant in Mw3 and Mw4. 25 listed species, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Actinoplanes, and Candidatu coribacter Acidobacterium are the most abundant species. The Shannon indices of Mw3 and Mw4 are equal, the H’max of Mw4 is greater than the H’max of Mw3. The Simpson index of Mw4 is equal to the Simpson index of Mw3, and the Pielou index (J) of Mw4 is less than the R of Mw3, but very close. This study opens interesting perspectives on the knowledge and exploitation of telluric bacteria in several areas of life.","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135649642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Prophages within the <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> 104 Genome and the Link of Their Function Regarding to Environment Survival.","authors":"Miao Zhao,&nbsp;Kerrigan Gilbert,&nbsp;Lia Danelishvili,&nbsp;Brendan Jeffrey,&nbsp;Luiz E Bermudez","doi":"10.4236/aim.2016.613087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2016.613087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Mycobacterium avium</i> is an opportunistic bacterium associated with pathogenic behavior in both humans and animals. <i>M. avium</i> has evolved as a pathogen by having an environmental component in its life style. Prophages are the integrated viral forms in bacterium genome. They constitute about 10% - 20% of genome of many bacteria and they contribute to pathogenicity of microbes. We investigated whether the <i>M. avium</i> 104 genome contained prophages and evaluated the genes/proteins for putative functions. Three prophage genes were identified in the <i>M. avium</i> 104 database, and sequences were analyzed for specific motifs. The prophage sequences were then cloned in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> and the bacterial phenotype was evaluated in gain of function assays for environmental stresses, such as tolerance to extreme temperatures, UV light, biofilm formation and resistance to acid as well as macrophage survival. The results indicate that two of the prophage genes, MAV_0696 and MAV_2265, confer <i>M. smegmatis</i> with enhanced ability to produce biofilm. Using a Real-Time PCR, it was determined that MAV_0696 and MAV_2265 transcripts were upregulated upon biofilm formation by <i>M. avium</i>. The expression of MAV_2265 gene was significantly higher at all selected time points. In addition, the expression of MAV_2265 in <i>M</i>. <i>smegmatis</i> also led to significantly greater survival rate at pH 5.0 compared to the wild-type control. None of the other physical abilities were altered by overexpressing the prophage genes in <i>M. smegmatis</i>. In summary, we identified three prophage sequences in <i>M. avium</i> 104, from which two of them were found to be associated with biofilm formation and one with resistance to the acidic environment. Future studies will identify the mechanisms involved in the prophages function.</p>","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"6 13","pages":"927-941"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8293804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39210645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic, Stress Tolerance and Plant Growth Promoting Characteristics of Rhizobial Isolates from Selected Wild Legumes of Semiarid Region, Tirupati, India","authors":"Y. Bhargava, Jamuna S. Murthy, T. Kumar, M. Rao","doi":"10.4236/AIM.2016.61001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/AIM.2016.61001","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizobia \u0000are vital for nitrogen input, fertility of soil and legume plant growth. \u0000Knowledge on rhizobial diversity from arid and semiarid areas is important for \u0000dry land agriculture in the context of climatic change and for economic \u0000utilization. This study provides morphological, biochemical, stress tolerance \u0000and plant growth promoting characteristics of fifteen rhizobial isolates from \u0000the nodules of same number of wild legumes and one isolate from cultivated Arachis hypogea from semi-arid region, \u0000Tirupati. The bacterial isolates were confirmed as rhizobia based on colony \u0000morphology and biochemical tests. Based on the colour change of YMA-BTB medium, \u0000eight isolates were identified as slow growers and six were fast growers. The \u0000isolates differed in growth pattern, colony morphology, antibiotic resistance \u0000at higher concentrations and uniformity in utilization of carbon and nitrogen \u0000sources. The isolates are tolerant to NaCl up to one percent, displayed normal \u0000growth at temperatures 28℃ - 30℃, at neutral pH and \u0000poor growth at pH 5and 9. The isolates varied in the production of EPS and IAA, \u0000positive for phosphate solubilization and siderophore formation. This \u0000functional diversity displayed by the isolates can be utilised for the legume \u0000crop production by cross inoculation.","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"227 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75508262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presence of Virulence-Associated Genes and Ability to Form Biofilm among Clinical Isolates of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Causing Urinary Infection in Domestic Animals.","authors":"Cherise Hill,&nbsp;Marianne Pan,&nbsp;Lmar Babrak,&nbsp;Lia Danelishvili,&nbsp;Helio De Morais,&nbsp;Luiz E Bermudez","doi":"10.4236/aim.2015.58059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2015.58059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infection caused by <i>Escherichia coli</i> is a frequently observed condition both in humans and animals. Uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> (UPEC) has been shown to have a pathogenicity island that enables them to infect the urinary tract. Because there is little information about the presence of UPEC-associated virulent genes in animal isolates this work was carried out with the intent to enhance the understanding about the strains of <i>E.coli</i> that cause infections in animals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We screened 21 <i>E. coli</i> strains isolated causing urinary tract infection in domestic animals. Primers were designed to amplify urinary infection-associated genes. Nine genes, <i>pap</i>A, <i>tcp</i>C<i>, fyu</i>A, <i>tpb</i>A, <i>Lma, hyl</i>A, <i>pic</i>U, <i>ton</i>B, and <i>flic</i>C were then amplified and sequenced. Different from the human isolate CFT073, all the animals <i>E. coli</i> lack some of the pathogenesis-associated genes. Genes encoding for proteins used to scavenge iron appear not to be so necessary during animal infections as they are in human infection. In further investigation of phenotypic properties, it was observed that animal UPECs have significantly more impaired ability to form biofilms than human UPEC strain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study identified significant differences between human and animal UPECs. This may have its roots in the fact that it is difficult to determine if an animal has symptoms. Future studies will focus on some of the observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"5 8","pages":"573-579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7470247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38360661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Diversity of Lactobacilli Associated with Severe Early Childhood Caries: A Study Protocol.","authors":"Yihong Li, Silvia Argimón, Catherine N Schön, Prakaimuk Saraithong, Page W Caufield","doi":"10.4236/aim.2015.51002","DOIUrl":"10.4236/aim.2015.51002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lactobacilli have been consistently associated with dental caries for decades; however, knowledge of this group of bacteria in the etiology of the disease is limited to quantitative elucidation. Nowadays, explicit identification of oral <i>Lactobacillus</i> species is possible, despite their taxonomic complexity. Here we describe a combined approach involving both cultivation and genetic methods to ascertain and characterize the diversity and abundance of the <i>Lactobacillus</i> population in the oral cavities of children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Eighty 3- to 6-year-old children (40 S-ECC and 40 caries free) who were seeking dental care at the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Bellevue Hospital in New York City were invited to participate in this study. Clinical data on socio-demographic information and oral health behavior were obtained from the primary caregiver. The data included a detailed dental examination, children's medical history, and a questionnaire survey. Combined non-stimulated saliva and supra-gingival plaque samples were collected from each child and cultivated on selective media for quantitative measures of lactobacilli levels. The procedure for <i>Lactobacillus</i> species screening will include the random selection of 50 colonies per plate, extraction of DNA from each colony, and genotyping by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). Each unique <i>Lactobacillus</i> AP-PCR genotype will be selected for taxonomic assessment by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. <i>Lactobacillus</i> species will be identified by comparing the 16S rRNA sequences with the Ribosomal Database and the Human Oral Microbiome Database. Meanwhile, the same set of clinical samples will be independently subjected to genomic DNA isolation, 16S rRNA amplification with <i>Lactobacillus</i> genus-specific primers, sequencing, and taxonomic identification, both at genus and species levels with a customized pipeline. The distribution and phylogenetic differences of these <i>Lactobacillus</i> species will be compared between children with or without S-ECC. One of the main objectives of this study is to establish a study protocol for the identification and characterization of lactobacilli in the oral cavity. Future caries risk assessments can include lactobacilli counts (quantitative) and the presence/absence of specific cariogenic genetic signatures of a <i>Lactobacillus</i> species (qualitative) associated with S-ECC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"5 1","pages":"9-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4583140/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34041761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Genes Associated with Inflammation in DNA Isolated from Stool.","authors":"Ramón Gómez-Moreno,&nbsp;Iraida E Robledo,&nbsp;Abel Baerga-Ortiz","doi":"10.4236/aim.2014.415117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2014.415117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although predominantly associated with health benefits, the gut microbiota has also been shown to harbor genes that promote inflammation. In this work, we report a method for the direct detection and quantification of these pro-inflammatory bacterial genes by PCR and qPCR in DNA extracted from human stool samples. PCR reactions were performed to detect (i) the <i>pks</i> island genes, (ii) <i>tcpC</i>, which is present in some strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and (iii) <i>gelE</i> presented in some strains of <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. Additionally, we screened for the presence of the following genes encoding cyclomodulins that disrupted mammalian cell division: (iv) <i>cdt</i> (which encodes the cytolethal distending toxin) and (v) <i>cnf-</i>1 (which encodes the cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1). Our results show that 20% of the samples (N = 41) tested positive for detectable amounts of <i>pks</i> island genes, whereas 10% of individuals were positive for <i>tcpC</i> or <i>gelE</i> and only one individual was found to harbor the <i>cnf-</i>1 gene. Of the 13 individuals that were positive for at least one of the pro-inflammatory genes, 5 were found to harbor more than one. A quantitative version of the assay, which used real-time PCR, revealed the pro-inflammatory genes to be in high copy numbers: up to 1.3 million copies per mg of feces for the <i>pks</i> island genes. Direct detection of specific genes in stool could prove useful toward screening for the presence of pro-inflammatory bacterial genes in individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases or colorectal cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"4 15","pages":"1065-1075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4236/aim.2014.415117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33015104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The LysR Transcription Factor, HexS, Is Required for Glucose Inhibition of Prodigiosin Production by <i>Serratia marcescens.</i>","authors":"Nicholas A Stella, James E Fender, Roni M Lahr, Eric J Kalivoda, Robert M Q Shanks","doi":"10.4236/aim.2012.24065","DOIUrl":"10.4236/aim.2012.24065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Generation of many useful microbe-derived secondary metabolites, including the red pigment prodigiosin of the bacterium <i>Serratia marcescens</i>, is inhibited by glucose. In a previous report, a genetic approach was used to determine that glucose dehydrogenase activity (GDH) is required for inhibiting prodigiosin production and transcription of the prodigiosin biosynthetic operon (<i>pigA-N</i>). However, the transcription factor(s) that regulate this process were not characterized. Here we tested the hypothesis that HexS, a LysR-family transcription factor similar to LrhA of <i>Escherichia coli</i>, is required for inhibition of prodigiosin by growth in glucose. We observed that mutation of the <i>hexS</i> gene in <i>S. marcescens</i> allowed the precocious production of prodigiosin in glucose-rich medium conditions that completely inhibited prodigiosin production by the wild type. Unlike previously described mutants able to generate prodigiosin in glucose-rich medium, <i>hexS</i> mutants exhibited GDH activity and medium acidification similar to the wild type. Glucose inhibittion of <i>pigA</i> expression was shown to be dependent upon HexS, suggesting that HexS is a key transcription factor in secondary metabolite regulation in response to medium pH. These data give insight into the prodigiosin regulatory pathway and could be used to enhance the production of secondary metabolites.</p>","PeriodicalId":7355,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Microbiology","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865871/pdf/nihms454568.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31971922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}