International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal最新文献

{"title":"Hyperspectral and LiDAR space-borne data for assessing mountain forest volume and biomass","authors":"Rodolfo Ceriani ,&nbsp;Sebastian Brocco ,&nbsp;Monica Pepe ,&nbsp;Silvio Oggioni ,&nbsp;Giorgio Vacchiano ,&nbsp;Renzo Motta ,&nbsp;Roberta Berretti ,&nbsp;Davide Ascoli ,&nbsp;Matteo Garbarino ,&nbsp;Donato Morresi ,&nbsp;Francesco Bassi ,&nbsp;Francesco Fava","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate assessment and monitoring of stand volume (SV) and above-ground biomass (AGB) in mixed mountain forests is crucial for sustainable forestry, ecosystem service assessment, and climate change mitigation. While airborne multi/hyper-spectral and LiDAR sensors have been proven effective for SV and AGB retrieval, the potential of spaceborne systems remains understudied. This study evaluates the capability of NASA’s Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) hyperspectral data, combined with canopy height metrics derived from the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) LiDAR data, to retrieve SV and AGB in two heterogeneous mountain forests in Italy. We compared EMIT with Sentinel-2 (S2) multispectral data as model inputs, with and without GEDI data integration, using five Machine Learning (ML) algorithms: Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Boosted Regression Trees (BRT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR). We then applied the top-performing models to generate spatially explicit SV and AGB maps. Results demonstrated that EMIT-GEDI integration enhanced SV estimation accuracy (R² = 0.75 RMSE = 75.48 m³ ha⁻¹, GPR model) compared to S2-GEDI (R² = 0.69 RMSE = 84.48 m³ ha⁻¹, ANN model). AGB was retrieved with significantly lower accuracy than SV, and S2-GEDI models outperformed EMIT-GEDI ones, likely because of the higher S2 spatial resolution better capturing AGB variability associated to different tree species. GEDI LiDAR proved to be a necessary input for accurate SV and AGB retrieval, and GPR was the best-performing ML algorithm. The resulting spatial maps were artifact-free and successfully delineated ecological gradients and management patterns. This study underscores the promise of spaceborne hyperspectral-LiDAR data integration for SV and AGB mapping in mixed mountain forest ecosystems, However, it also emphasizes trade-offs between sensor spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions, thus the importance of upcoming hyperspectral missions, such as CHIME, combining hyperspectral capabilities with high spatial resolution and regular data acquisitions at global scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104614"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144229799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of canopy mean traits in herbaceous plants by the UAV multispectral data: The quest for a better leaf-to-canopy upscaling method","authors":"Yuanqi Shan ,&nbsp;Yunlong Yao ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhihui Wang ,&nbsp;Huaihu Yi ,&nbsp;Yi Fu ,&nbsp;Weineng Li ,&nbsp;Xuguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenji Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imaging spectroscopy has become a pivotal technique for estimating plant traits at the canopy scale. Accurate trait prediction is critical for biodiversity conservation, yet research on canopy traits in heterogeneous wetlands with complex species mixtures remains scarce. While the Community-Weighted Mean (CWM) method has been widely used for upscaling leaf traits to the canopy level, it often suffers from low model precision, and the suitability of alternative upscaling methods for predicting canopy mean traits using imaging spectroscopy remains uncertain. This study proposed a novel approach for calculating canopy mean traits using the geometric mean method and compared its performance to that of the CWM methods in combination with three modeling algorithms Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Random Forest regression (RF), and Support Vector Machine regression (SVM). The accuracy was evaluated by exploring the predictive ability for nine canopy mean traits by using high spatial resolution UAV multispectral data. The analysis focuses on a wetland ecosystem characterized by high species diversity and hydrological variability, where precise plant trait estimation is essential for ecological process modeling. The results demonstrated that the geometric mean method yielded the highest validation accuracy for most canopy mean traits when paired with the SVM model (e.g., R² for N = 0.64, SLA = 0.38, and cellulose = 0.33). Notably, the geometric mean method, combined with UAV multispectral data, significantly enhanced the predictive performance for N, surpassing even that of hyperspectral data. This study underscores the potential of the geometric mean method for upscaling leaf traits to canopy traits. These findings contribute to advancing the prediction accuracy of plant functional traits through remote sensing techniques, while future studies may explore the integration of deep learning methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104650"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144221235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land instability Compounds the risk of sea level rise in Alexandria, Egypt","authors":"Rejoice Thomas ,&nbsp;Sara Zouriq ,&nbsp;Shahryar Fazli ,&nbsp;Amr Fawzy ,&nbsp;Nikolay Grisel Todorov ,&nbsp;Surendra Maharjan ,&nbsp;Wenzhao Li ,&nbsp;Erik Linstead ,&nbsp;Daniele Struppa ,&nbsp;Hesham El-Askary","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coastal region of Alexandria Governorate in Egypt holds significant strategic importance for trade while being susceptible to extreme weather events. It confronts a dual challenge of the rising sea levels and, as found in this study, land instability. While much attention has been rightly directed towards sea level rise (SLR), the stability of the land warrants equal consideration. Here, a comprehensive analysis of land stability is conducted in Alexandria by measuring Line of Sight (LOS) displacements and assessing their topographical, hydrological, and coastal impacts. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique is used to measure the LOS displacements in association with land cover classification and elevation data. Moreover, in the absence of a recent, openly accessible Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with satisfactory resolution, we developed a novel approach to update DEM using the Small Baseline Subset method. This approach enabled us to generate a projected DEM for the year 2040, facilitating the creation of a stream network based on this “future DEM”. Our observations revealed displacements ranging from −14.0 to 6.7 mm/year, predominantly occurring in low-lying and built-up areas, suggesting anthropogenic activities as a likely cause. The current and future stream networks show stream shifting and widening. Stream shifting indicates dynamic changes in topography and hydrological conditions, while stream widening suggests alterations in the hydrological network due to increased urban runoff or changes in the natural watershed. Furthermore, we found that sea surface temperature and SLR are projected to increase until the end of the century in the Mediterranean Sea near Alexandria. This escalation raises the likelihood of intensified tropical-like hurricane events in the region, commonly referred to as “medicanes”. The importance of this research is in offering a framework for comprehensive land stability assessments, along with demonstrating the scalability of the applied methodologies, including our distinct approach to generating both current and projected DEM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104648"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and reduction of topographic effect induced errors in land surface temperature retrieval over the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Yuejie Zhang ,&nbsp;Qinghong Sheng ,&nbsp;Kerui Li ,&nbsp;Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Li ,&nbsp;Xiao Ling ,&nbsp;Fan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Land Surface Temperature (LST) plays a pivotal role in representing ground energy balance and understanding climate change. LST over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) significantly influences regional climate and environmental dynamics. Accurate LST data in the TP is vital for ecological monitoring and climate studies. However, most retrieval algorithms assume a flat-surface thermal infrared radiation transfer equation (TIRTE), which introduces inevitable topographic induced in the TP’s complex terrain. Additionally, the limited and sparse ground stations hinder pixel-level error analysis. These limitations restrict accurate characterization of topographic effects on LST errors and impede the effective application of current LST datasets. This study proposed a method to quantify the LST retrieval errors at a pixel level and innovatively introduced the radiation-topographic bias correction term (RTBC). The effectiveness of RTBC in reducing LST retrieval errors with only one atmospheric parameter was demonstrated theoretically. Random forest (RF) models were employed to assess the contribution of topographic effects to these errors. The sky view factor (SVF) was employed as an indicator of surface ruggedness. The results demonstrated that LST retrieval errors were predominantly due to topographic effect when surface ruggedness was high (SVF ≤ 0.25), with an R² value reaching up to 0.86. RTBC emerged as the primary factor influencing LST retrieval errors at SVF ≤ 0.25. In-situ LST analysis showed that when SVF decreased to 0.738, RTBC effectively reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) and by an average of 1.2 K and 1.1 K, respectively. In comparison experiments with conventional methods, RTBC achieved approximately a 50 % reduction in RMSE. These findings highlight the significant impact of topography on LST retrieval accuracy and demonstrate the effectiveness of RTBC in reducing terrain-induced errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104637"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"InSAR-aided mapping and zonation of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) in slate slopes","authors":"Cheng-Han Lin ,&nbsp;Ming-Lang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) is a rock mass wasting process featuring a slow movement rate at the mountain scale. In Taiwan, DSGSD has often been reported in the slate belt of Taiwan’s backbone Range because of the inherent cleavage characteristic. When a slate slope undergoes the DSGSD process, it can accumulate large deformation displacements and transform into a rockslide. In this circumstance, the slope movement could change from the cleavage orientation-dominated to the downslope direction, such as in the famous case of the Lushan North Slope. A critical issue for Taiwan’s authority in dealing with hazards associated with DSGSD is the efficient identification of hidden active DSGSD within the wide mountainous area for further detailed investigation/monitoring. This study aims to detect DSGSDs and zonate the present-day slope activity at the regional scale. Based on the Multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) technique, we propose a hot-spot-like DSGSD mapping and zonation approach. The analysis was applied to Sentinel-1 radar data acquired in ascending and descending orbits between 2018 and 2020 centered on the Chingjing region, Taiwan. Combined with LiDAR terrain data and optical images, we recognized five DSGSD domains with higher deformation kinematics, which include a site that has yet to be investigated/monitored as DSGSD by relevant government agencies. In addition, we calculated the decomposed displacement vectors from two acquisition MT-InSAR data to establish each domain’s geometrical and kinematical model. Combined with borehole interpretation, inclinometer data, and simplified mechanical simulation, the models characterize the present-day moving phenomena and driving mechanisms for the observed DSGSDs. Overall, the MT-InSAR technique can aid the region-wide hazard assessment for the DSGSD in slate slopes regarding mapping and zonation. The results also highlight the potential of InSAR-assisted observation for understanding short-term movement kinematics and formulating a site-specific monitoring strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104641"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the applicability of multi-satellite precipitation products on the Loess Plateau over the past four decades","authors":"Rui Liu ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Zhengguo Shi ,&nbsp;Mengdao Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of drought and precipitation evolution due to global warming has garnered significant attention from the scientific community in recent years. The Loess Plateau (LP), a typical dryland agricultural area, has its agricultural development influenced by precipitation. However, given its location in the hinterland of the Eurasian continent, the complex terrain, and the severe lack of rain gauges, the region faces challenges in accurate precipitation measurement. Multi-satellite precipitation products (MPPs), with their wide coverage and high resolution, can potentially address this deficiency, making it crucial to assess their applicability on the LP. This study evaluates the results of the inversion of LP precipitation changes by MPPs, the factors influencing the precipitation changes, and the dynamical mechanisms affecting LP precipitation evolution. The findings indicate that the CPC is the most suitable product for inverting daily precipitation on the LP, with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.774 between CPC and observations, and the highest Probability of Detection of 0.667. This is attributed to the stable data sources and excellent algorithms used by CPC. Furthermore, the LP has exhibited a significant upward trend in precipitation since 2000, with the thermal term playing a significant role in the humidification of the LP. The analysis suggests that global warming increases atmospheric moisture content, and enhanced westerly jet and near-surface easterly anomalies transport warm, humid air from the North Atlantic and the eastern China Sea into the LP. Clarifying the precipitation trends and dynamics in the LP can provide valuable policy support for agricultural development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104634"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating multiple terrain features for artefact detection in the newly released TanDEM-X 30 m DEM and DCM over the Loess Plateau","authors":"Xingang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shanchuan Guo ,&nbsp;Zilong Xia ,&nbsp;Haowei Mu ,&nbsp;Bing Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Cui ,&nbsp;Hong Fang ,&nbsp;Peijun Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In September 2023, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) released the TanDEM-X 30 m Edited DEM (TDX30) and DEM Change Map (DCM). Although the improved resolution has garnered interest within the scientific community, the presence of artefacts—such as discontinuous terrain representation, abnormal values, and extensive noise—remains underreported in the literature. Artefact regions are typically small, but terrain analysis results within these regions are fundamentally incorrect, necessitating attention. Moreover, the quality mask provided by DLR cannot accurately reflect the extent of artefacts. To address this limitation, a novel artefact detection framework integrating multiple terrain features was proposed. Specifically, twelve terrain features (including slope, roughness, second-order derivatives, etc.) were selected for their ability to discriminate artefacts, and a CatBoost model is implemented for artefact detection. The proposed method was tested in the Loess Plateau. Contrary to expectations, over the Loess Plateau, the higher-resolution TDX30 resulted in a nearly 80 % increase in artefact areas compared to the TanDEM-X 90 m DEM (TDX90) (from 195.84 km² to 355.21 km²), highlighting a quality degradation issue associated with resolution enhancement. However, the artefact area of TDX30_DCM (i.e., DCM-updated TDX30) was reduced to 162.63 km², demonstrating a significant suppressive effect. A fundamental relationship between artefacts and satellite observation geometry was identified: artefact occurrence frequency was notably higher on east–west slopes compared to north–south slopes, with concentrations in the 35°∼55° slope range, corresponding to TanDEM-X’s polar orbit and right-looking observation mode. Validation results demonstrated strong detection accuracy of the proposed method across each DEM: 96.84 % for TDX90, 98.44 % for TDX30, and 97.18 % for TDX30_DCM. This study establishes a scalable artefact detection framework and offers significant scientific and practical value for facilizing the quality improvement of global DEM products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104632"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OSHFNet: A heterogeneous dual-branch dynamic fusion network of optical and SAR images for land use classification","authors":"Chenfang Liu,&nbsp;Yuli Sun,&nbsp;Xianghui Zhang,&nbsp;Yanjie Xu,&nbsp;Lin Lei,&nbsp;Gangyao Kuang","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images are two of the most widely used remote sensing data sources, providing complementary but structurally consistent information. This complementarity has inspired significant research on their fusion. However, due to the huge difference in image representation between optical and SAR data, this difference will lead to inaccurate information expression when using the same structure to extract features, resulting in poor performance in classification tasks. Therefore, in the feature extraction stage, we analyze the respective advantageous features of optical and SAR images and propose a heterogeneous dual-branch network framework. Our framework exploits the rich local features of optical images and the global structural features of SAR images by using CNN and VMamba as their respective feature extractors. This heterogeneous feature extraction strategy effectively captures the complementary features of different modalities and provides a solid foundation for subsequent feature fusion. Second, in the feature fusion stage, we introduce a global-local dynamic gating fusion module. The use of multi-scale feature extraction and self-attention mechanism ensures comprehensive feature capture, while the dynamic gating mechanism enhances the integration of cross-modal complementary information. Finally, our method achieves excellent performance on medium and high-resolution datasets, showing robustness and adaptability at different resolutions. Notably, it significantly improves the overall classification accuracy while maintaining the accuracy of individual categories. For challenging categories such as roads, our method achieves significant improvements of about 15%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104609"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics and key climatic influences on vegetation resilience in opencast coal mine dumps after restoration","authors":"Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Chengye Zhang ,&nbsp;Yaxin Ding ,&nbsp;Feiyue Li ,&nbsp;Wanxi Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Ma ,&nbsp;Yingjie Guo ,&nbsp;Bikram Banerjee ,&nbsp;Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vegetation resilience is crucial for understanding the self-repair and adaptive capacity of regional ecosystems. Opencast coal mine dumps, typical targets for ecological restoration, exhibit highly unstable vegetation ecosystems after restoration, making them prone to state shifts. However, existing studies have limitations in capturing vegetation resilience characteristics and its climatic driving mechanisms. This study addresses these deficiencies by focusing on the Pingzhuang West Opencast Coal Mine dumps, utilizing Critical Slowing Down (CSD) theory and long-term Landsat remote sensing data from 2008 to 2024. We propose ’MultiRes’, a pixel-level (30 m) method to calculate vegetation resilience. Unlike traditional fixed-window approaches, MultiRes offers adaptive window sizes with a wide range of stability. We analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation resilience after restoration, evaluated the effectiveness of vegetation restoration, and quantitatively assessed the impact of key climatic drivers across different phases. Results reveal that: (1) After restoration, vegetation resilience at each dump experienced three phases: initial enhancement, decline, and renewed enhancement. (2) Vegetation resilience improved significantly compared to the initial fragile ecosystem, with over 88 % of the area showing improvement, especially at Taipingdi, where the enhancement rate reached 99.85 %. (3) The influence of key climatic drivers remained consistent within each dump across all phases, particularly in the first and third phases. Areas dominated by a single climatic driver generally showed more significant changes than those influenced by combined drivers. These findings demonstrate that vegetation resilience captures stage-specific ecological patterns that NDVI alone cannot detect, thereby supporting adaptive restoration and climate-informed management in mining environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104646"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The approach to UAV image acquisition and processing for very shallow water mapping","authors":"Paulina Kujawa ,&nbsp;Jaroslaw Wajs ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Pleśniak","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jag.2025.104604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow water areas need to be protected and continuously monitored as a habitat for diverse flora and fauna. These environments are subject to changes caused by both local phenomena, such as tides, and global phenomena, such as global warming. Efficient measurement techniques are needed to optimize the cost and time of data collection and processing. Equally important is to ensure that data processing achieves the highest possible accuracy, especially for depth measurements affected by refraction. The aim of this paper is to present several approaches to data processing, based on the availability of measurement instruments and programming skills, each offering different levels of accuracy. In this study, RGB images were collected from an unmanned aerial vehicle over a Polish lake, together with reference data from a single-beam echo-sounder and GNSS measurements of shallow water profiles. Several processing paths were proposed, including sun glint masking, photogrammetric processing, refraction correction, and the creation of three output models: a point cloud, DEM, and orthomosaic. The expected accuracies are discussed, along with recommendations for the best method, taking into account the strengths and limitations of each approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73423,"journal":{"name":"International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104604"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}