IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Feedback Field-Weakening Techniques for Synchronous Machines with Permanent Magnets","authors":"Anton Dianov","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040091","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades the market share of electrical cars has increased significantly, which has paved the way for the development of automotive electronics. Some of the most important parts of modern electrical vehicles are motor drives, which are used in car training and mechanization. Electrical drives are used in powertrains for traction, in air conditioning systems to cool cars and their parts, in doors for opening/closing as well as window movements, etc. The most popular motor type in electrical vehicles is synchronous motors with permanent magnets, which are compact and provide high torque. However, these motors require the development of control systems for proper operation. This system has to have the capacity to implement several state-of-the-art techniques, which can fully utilize motor potential, increase its efficiency, and decrease battery usage. One of these techniques is field-weakening, which overcomes speed limitations due to a lack of supply voltage and increases the motor’s speed operation range. This paper discusses the most popular approaches to field-weakening, including a new method proposed by the author. It considers both the pros and cons of each approach and provides recommendations for their usage. After that, this manuscript demonstrates the experimental results of each field-weakening technique obtained in the same motor drive, compares their performance, and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the experimental part demonstrates that the proposed field-weakening approach demonstrates similar dynamics in load transients but provides 10 times less load to the microcontroller.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"52 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136346246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic Drivers’ Performance Measures Related to Vehicle Dynamics to Control Road Safety in Curves","authors":"Gaetano Bosurgi, Orazio Pellegrino, Alessia Ruggeri, Giuseppe Sollazzo","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040090","url":null,"abstract":"The road alignment design relies on the knowledge of vehicle dynamics variables. However, it assumes that drivers faithfully follow the lane axis on straights and curves. Deviating from this assumption leads to unexpected outcomes and can significantly impact users’ safety. In this context, vehicle speed and longitudinal acceleration play a crucial role as key references in the international standards. They provide insights into critical driving aspects; therefore, it is essential to thoroughly analyze their real trends. Broad data collection campaigns should derive synthetic indicators in order to highlight eventual significant deviations between the ideal and real dynamics. To achieve this objective, the authors propose some indexes deduced during an experimental study with a Sim-Easy driving simulator, by AVSimulation. Importantly, these indicators can be freely applied in real driving scenarios without limitations. These indexes were tested on four different horizontal curves and proved effective in identifying relevant characteristics related to longitudinal acceleration and speed. Looking ahead, by analyzing similar data for numerous driving contexts on real roads, infrastructure managers could use this methodology to identify those sections with increased vulnerability for users’ safety. Moreover, the collected data from sensors, processed using these indicators, can be filtered and transmitted to users (via ADAS tools) while driving on a specific road to provide timely warnings about potential difficulties. The indicators control the physical variable (acceleration or speed) on a certain geometric element with reference to what is prescribed by the standard. For example, the acceleration indicators are normalized with respect to a threshold value while for speed indexes, the result depends on the difference between the end control points of the geometrical element. In both cases, international regulations report prescribed or recommended reference values, so the analyst is immediately aware of any critical issues in the maneuver.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":" 13","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybridisation Concept of Light Vehicles Utilising an Electrified Planetary Gear Set","authors":"Michael Engels, Moritz Jakoby, Timm Fahrbach, Jakob Andert","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040088","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and air pollution are two significant challenges facing our society and represent a major driver for new developments in the transport sector. As a consequence, automotive manufacturers have focused on the electrification of vehicle propulsion systems and offer a wide range of hybrid and full-electric vehicles in different classes. However, in the world’s most densely populated metropolitan areas, small and lightweight vehicles are key for the mobility of millions. Traditionally these vehicles have provided cost-effective transportation which is difficult to preserve with vehicle electrification. Many of these light vehicles, such as scooters and all-terrain vehicles, use internal combustion engines in combination with a continuously variable rubber belt transmission which provides a simple, comfortable and cost-effective transmission technology but with poor efficiency and high maintenance costs. In this contribution, a novel full hybrid powertrain concept is proposed that offers a similar driving experience to conventional continuously variable transmissions while providing significantly improved performance and fuel economy combined with low system complexity. In its basic configuration, the hybrid powertrain can operate without active actuators and even with mechanical throttle control of the internal combustion engine. This minimalist approach reduces system costs and helps to create a competitive solution for price-sensitive markets. The hybrid system is based on a planetary gear set that combines the internal combustion engine and an electric motor. It is complemented by a centrifugal clutch and one-way clutch, resulting in different operating modes for low and high speeds as well as for electric driving. This paper describes the mechanical design and control approach of the proposed hybrid powertrain layout. In order to evaluate the basic functionalities, a prototype vehicle was built and tested. This contribution shows the integration of the hybrid powertrain concept in a prototype vehicle and proves the fulfilment of all required full hybrid functionalities.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"45 194","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135540139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diesel Particle Filter Requirements for Euro 7 Technology Continuously Regenerating Heavy-Duty Applications","authors":"Athanasios Mamakos, Dominik Rose, Anastasios Melas, Roberto Gioria, Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa, Barouch Giechaskiel","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040089","url":null,"abstract":"The upcoming Euro 7 regulation for Heavy-Duty (HD) vehicles is calling for a further tightening of the Solid Particle Number (SPN) emissions by means of both lowering the applicable limits and shifting the lowest detectable size from 23 nm (SPN23) to 10 nm (SPN10). A late-technology diesel HD truck was tested on a chassis dynamometer in order to assess the necessary particle filtration requirements for a continuously regenerating system. The study showed that passive regeneration under real-world operating conditions can lead to a significant release of SPN10 particles from the current technology Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) when soot-loaded, even exceeding the currently applicable emission limits. The actual emissions during passive regeneration and following the clean-up of the DPF exceeded the proposed Euro 7 limits by more than an order of magnitude. A prototype DPF, exhibiting a 99% filtration efficiency when clean, was shown to effectively control SPN10 emissions under both operating conditions. The shift to SPN10 also necessitates control of nanoparticles forming inside the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system, which for the tested truck exceeded the proposed (hot) limit by up to 56%. A dedicated particle filter specifically designed to capture these particles was also evaluated, showing a better than 60% efficiency. The key message of this study is that SPN emissions can be kept at low levels under all conditions.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"91 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135539528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Co-Simulation Platform with Tire and Brake Thermal Model for the Analysis and Reproduction of Blanking","authors":"Fabio Romagnuolo, Stefano Avolio, Gabriele Fichera, Marco Ruffini, Raffaele Stefanelli, Francesco Timpone","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040087","url":null,"abstract":"In the world of motorsports engineering, improving brake performance is a crucial goal. One significant factor that affects this performance is the increase in brake disc temperature due to reduced cooling airflow, a phenomenon called “blanking”. This temperature increase also impacts the rim and the air inside the tire, causing changes in tire temperature and pressure, which affects the vehicle’s performance. Properly adjusting the brake blanking can be essential to keep the tire running at the right temperature, resulting in maximization of the performance on track. To address this complex problem, this study describes the problem of cooling brake discs, and this problem is then used as an opportunity to introduce a new variable in order to optimize the performance of the vehicle. By changing the thermal evolution of the brake disc, through the blanking, it can change a large percentage of heat that heats the tire. When combining an existing brake model in the literature with a tire thermal model in a co-platform simulation, it was seen that it is possible to work these two models together with the aim of being able to obtain the prediction of the optimal blanking value to be adopted before proceeding on track, thus saving time and costs.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"6 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Practical Implementation of Quantum-Derived Keys for Secure Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications","authors":"Daniel S. Fowler, Carsten Maple, Gregory Epiphaniou","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040086","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a practical implementation of a free space optical quantum key distribution (FSO-QKD) system within a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) application developed under the Innovate UK AirQKD project. The FSO-QKD system provides the quantum secure encryption keys that serve as the foundation for secure communications throughout the V2I application to address known concerns over V2I security. This document includes summaries of the quantum key generation process and the deployed V2I technology. Subsequently, a high-level view of the system design, the practical experiment, and its execution are presented. Multiple AirQKD project partners developed technologies ranging from semiconductors and hardware to security protocols and software, to enable the QKD-secured V2I system. The developed technology includes a novel zero-trust security protocol used to protect the V2I communications, ensuring that spoofed V2I messages from a compromised device are not accepted by the system.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"39 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135773645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System for a Micro Vehicle: Sizing Design and Hydrogen Storage Evaluation","authors":"Zayd Aslam, Adrian Felix, Christos Kalyvas, Mahmoud Chizari","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040085","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the design of a hybrid proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) solution for any micro vehicle such as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A hydrogen fuel cell can provide extended operation, low emissions, and a highly efficient form of energy storage compared with alternative methods, while a battery can be used as an additional energy storage system to support the transient and higher loads required by the UAV, which are not suitable for normal fuel cell operation. The choice of hydrogen storage is one of the main challenges in using hydrogen as an energy carrier. The current study discusses a range of hydrogen storage technologies and provides a methodology for selection for a given application. A sizing design methodology for a hybrid fuel cell system is proposed. Then, it is applied to a case study to demonstrate its implementation.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"6 33","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135818635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of the Autonomous Braking and Evasive Steering System OPREVU-AES in Simulated Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Collisions","authors":"Ángel Losada, Francisco Javier Páez, Francisco Luque, Luca Piovano","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040084","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a combined system (OPREVU-AES) that integrates optimized AEB and Automatic Emergency Steering (AES) to generate evasive maneuvers, and it provides an assessment of its effectiveness when compared to a commercial AEB system. The optimized AEB system regulates the braking response through a collision prediction model. OPREVU is a research project in which INSIA-UPM and CEDINT-UPM cooperate to improve driving assistance systems and to characterize pedestrians’ behavior through virtual reality (VR) techniques. The kinematic and dynamic analysis of OPREVU-AES is conducted using CarSim© software v2020.1. The avoidance trajectories are predefined for speeds above 40 km/h, which controls the speed and lateral stability during the overtaking and lane re-entry process. In addition, the decision algorithm integrates information from the lane and the blind spot detectors. The effectiveness evaluation is based on the reconstruction of a sample of vehicle-to-pedestrian crashes (INSIA-UPM database), using PCCrash© software v. 2013, and it considers the probability of head injury severity (ISP) as an indicator. The incorporation of AEB can avoid 53.8% of accidents, with an additional 2.5–3.5% avoided by incorporating automatic steering. By increasing the lateral activation range, the total avoidance rate is increased to 61.8–69.8%. The average ISP reduction is 65%, with significant reductions achieved in most cases where avoidance is not possible.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"14 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135972945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EMC of Inductive Automotive Charging Systems According to Standard SAE J2954","authors":"Emir Sulejmani, Michael Beltle, Stefan Tenbohlen","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040083","url":null,"abstract":"To increase the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs), inductive charging technology can be an important tool because of the simplified charging process for the user. This paper presents the fundamentals of wireless power transfer (WPT) for EVs, while focusing on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). This work deals with the investigation of the conducted and field-bound interference emissions using a WPT system with a max. input power of 3.6 kW. During the research, a new frequency-tracking algorithm is developed, to find the optimal operating frequency at any coil misalignment. The impedance behavior as well as the possible interference paths are investigated, showing the great geometric influence of the test bench setup. The conducted interference currents are analyzed and subsequently filtered. The filter shows good performance in attenuating common mode currents. The measured radiated magnetic field is directly rated against the proposed limits of various standards. Finally, the EMC influence of the direct current (DC) power supply line to the inverter is examined, which is not defined precisely in the standard. This underlines the significance of a standardized test setup, since the limit values can be met under different geometric circumstances of the DC cable.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"56 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Senior Drivers’ Body Movement Strategies for Getting in and out of Cars: A Study by Vehicle Typology","authors":"Susana C. F. Fernandes","doi":"10.3390/vehicles5040082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040082","url":null,"abstract":"During normal ageing, physical changes take place in the biomechanical, musculoskeletal, and psychomotor systems, that reduce strength, flexibility, motor coordination, balance, and precision of movements. This article analyses the motion behaviour of a sample of 49 senior and pre-senior subjects during the process of entry to (ingress) and exit from (egress) new car models not experienced before, obtained over five days at the Geneva International Motor Show. The methodological process is based on visual studies using photography and video to analyse motion behaviour. This investigation identifies five entry movement strategies and three exit movement strategies in three types of vehicle groups. The movements adopted in the egress of the vehicle were more complex and difficult, in general, than those observed for ingress, requiring greater flexibility, agility/dexterity, and physical strength of subjects, involving more contact or support with vehicle parts. The main factor that influenced movement strategies was essentially related to subjects’ levels of physical capacity and previous experiences. Several subjects’ movement strategies were observed in each type of vehicle, confirming that the user’s somatic experience strongly influences the interaction with new vehicles. User’s vehicles’ past experiences and their psychomotor skills determined the adopted movement strategy, which occurred in an unreflective and natural way, regardless of the new type of vehicle. However, due to substantial differences between the vehicles, some subjects may have adopted a different movement strategy in response to these variations.","PeriodicalId":73282,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","volume":"32 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135412820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}