Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)最新文献

{"title":"PET tracers in glioblastoma: Toward neurotheranostics as an individualized medicine approach.","authors":"Habibullah Dadgar, Narges Jokar, Reza Nemati, Mykol Larvie, Majid Assadi","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1103262","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1103262","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past decade, theragnostic radiopharmaceuticals have been used in nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and treatment of various tumors. In this review, we carried out a literature search to investigate and explain the role of radiotracers in the theragnostic approach to glioblastoma multiform (GBM). We primarily focused on basic and rather common positron emotion tomography (PET) radiotracers in these tumors. Subsequently, we introduced and evaluated the preclinical and clinical results of theranostic-based biomarkers including integrin receptor family, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), fibroblast activated protein (FAP), somatostatin receptors (SRS), and chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) for patients with GBM to confer the benefit of personalized therapy. Moreover, promising research opportunities that could have a profound impact on the treatment of GBM over the next decade are also highlighted. Preliminary results showed the potential feasibility of the theragnostic approach using theses biomarkers in GBM patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1103262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44339479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency - a patient-centric view on radiopharmaceutical extravasations.","authors":"Pam Kohl","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1127692","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1127692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most radiopharmaceuticals are intravenously administered during nuclear medicine imaging or therapy procedures. When a nuclear medicine clinician delivers some or all of a radioactive drug into a patient's healthy tissue rather than the vein as intended, a patient experiences an extravasation. Radiopharmaceutical extravasations provide zero patient benefit and considerable potential downsides, depending on the severity of the extravasations. What nuclear medicine patients want and need regarding the administration of radiopharmaceuticals is transparency. And yet in the year 2023, little transparency exists regarding these extravasations. From the patient perspective, transparency regarding extravasations is essential to improving care, ensuring radiation protection, reducing health inequities, and untangling the deeply disturbing and irregular relationship between the nuclear medicine community and their regulating body, The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Transparency is also critical to help address many other questions regarding radiopharmaceutical extravasations.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1127692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46757392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: Efficacy of lutetium-177 oxodotreotide for neuroendocrine tumor with central nervous system metastases.","authors":"Nwanneka Okwundu, Christopher R Weil, Heloisa P Soares, Gabriel C Fine, Donald M Cannon","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1074948","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1074948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) rarely metastasize to the brain. However, when they occur, NET brain metastases are associated with a poor prognosis. Due to their low incidence, NET brain metastases are poorly studied, with few data to guide a consensus for management. Prior reports have documented treatment with chemotherapy, resection, whole brain radiation therapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery, all with low rates of survival. We present a case of a patient with type 3 well-differentiated gastric NET with widespread metastatic disease, including central nervous system lesions in the pineal gland and left cerebellopontine angle (CPA), which were avid on ⁶⁸Ga-dotatate positron emission tomography. The patient received four doses of 200 mCi (7.4 GBq) lutetium-177 oxodotreotide (¹⁷⁷Lu-dotatate) administered every 8 weeks over the course of 6 months. The treatments provided local control of the pineal and CPA lesions for 23 months until the development of diffuse leptomeningeal progression that necessitated further therapies. ¹⁷⁷Lu-dotatate may be a viable treatment for local control of NET brain metastases. More studies are needed to validate its efficacy in this clinical scenario.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1074948"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41953791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A heterogeneous phantom study for investigating the stability of PET images radiomic features with varying reconstruction settings.","authors":"Emad Alsyed, Rhodri Smith, Lee Bartley, Christopher Marshall, Emiliano Spezi","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1078536","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1078536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this work was to assess the capability of radiomic features in distinguishing PET image regions with different uptake patterns. Furthermore, we assessed the stability of PET radiomic features with varying image reconstruction settings. An in-house phantom was designed and constructed, consisting of homogenous and heterogenous artificial phantom inserts. Four artificially constructed inserts were placed into a water filled phantom and filled with varying levels of radioactivity to simulate homogeneous and heterogeneous uptake patterns. The phantom was imaged for 80 min. PET images were reconstructed whilst varying reconstruction parameters. The parameters adjusted included, number of ordered subsets, number of iterations, use of time-of-flight and filter cut off. Regions of interest (ROI) were established by segmentation of the phantom inserts from the reconstructed images. In total seventy eight 3D radiomic features for each ROI with unique reconstructed parameters were extracted. The Friedman test was used to determine the statistical power of each radiomic feature in differentiating phantom inserts with different hetero/homogeneous configurations. The Coefficient of Variation (COV) of each feature, with respect to the reconstruction setting was used to determine feature stability. Forty three out of seventy eight radiomic features were found to be stable (COV <math><mo>≤</mo></math> 5%) against all reconstruction settings. To provide any utility, stable features are required to differentiate between regions with different hetro/homogeneity. Of the forty three stable features, fifteen (35%) features showed a statistically significant difference between the artificially constructed inserts. Such features included GLCM (Difference average, Difference entropy, Dissimilarity and Inverse difference), GLRL (Long run emphasis, Grey level non uniformity and Run percentage) and NGTDM (Complexity and Strength). The finding of this work suggests that radiomic features are capable of distinguishing between radioactive distribution patterns that demonstrate different levels of heterogeneity. Therefore, radiomic features could serve as an adjuvant diagnostic tool along with traditional imaging. However, the choice of the radiomic features needs to account for variability introduced when different reconstruction settings are used. Standardization of PET image reconstruction settings across sites performing radiomic analysis in multi-centre trials should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1078536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43264159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary artery stenosis in Takayasu disease mimicking pulmonary embolism on perfusion lung scan: A case report.","authors":"Chaimae Sebbar, Soufiane Hiroual, Nathalie Kouassi, Mohamed Aziz Bsiss, Aboubaker Matrane","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1122046","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2023.1122046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung scan is an accurate and noninvasive tool for evaluating the distribution of lung perfusion. We present a rare case of total absence of perfusion on lung scan to the right lung with two contralateral defects due to severe occlusion of the right pulmonary artery, as well as segmental arteries in the left lung in a young female woman diagnosed with Takayasu Arteritis. We highlight the similarities of the findings between pulmonary arteritis in Takayasu disease and thromboembolic disease and the importance of careful interpretation of perfusion lung scan in order to avoid misdiagnosis that could endanger the patient's life.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1122046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47508965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-object deep neural network architecture to detect prostate anatomy in T2-weighted MRI: Performance evaluation.","authors":"Maria Baldeon-Calisto, Zhouping Wei, Shatha Abudalou, Yasin Yilmaz, Kenneth Gage, Julio Pow-Sang, Yoganand Balagurunathan","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1083245","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1083245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate gland segmentation is the primary step to estimate gland volume, which aids in the prostate disease management. In this study, we present a 2D-3D convolutional neural network (CNN) ensemble that automatically segments the whole prostate gland along with the peripheral zone (PZ) (PPZ-SegNet) using a T2-weighted sequence (T2W) of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The study used 4 different public data sets organized as Train #1 and Test #1 (independently derived from the same cohort), Test #2, Test #3 and Test #4. The prostate gland and the peripheral zone (PZ) anatomy were manually delineated with consensus read by a radiologist, except for Test #4 cohorts that had pre-marked glandular anatomy. A Bayesian hyperparameter optimization method was applied to construct the network model (PPZ-SegNet) with a training cohort (Train #1, <i>n</i> = 150) using a five-fold cross validation. The model evaluation was performed on an independent cohort of 283 T2W MRI prostate cases (Test #1 to #4) without any additional tuning. The data cohorts were derived from The Cancer Imaging Archives (TCIA): PROSTATEx Challenge, Prostatectomy, Repeatability studies and PROMISE12-Challenge. The segmentation performance was evaluated by computing the Dice similarity coefficient and Hausdorff distance between the estimated-deep-network identified regions and the radiologist-drawn annotations. The deep network architecture was able to segment the prostate gland anatomy with an average Dice score of 0.86 in Test #1 (<i>n</i> = 192), 0.79 in Test #2 (<i>n</i> = 26), 0.81 in Test #3 (<i>n</i> = 15), and 0.62 in Test #4 (<i>n</i> = 50). We also found the Dice coefficient improved with larger prostate volumes in 3 of the 4 test cohorts. The variation of the Dice scores from different cohorts of test images suggests the necessity of more diverse models that are inclusive of dependencies such as the gland sizes and others, which will enable us to develop a universal network for prostate and PZ segmentation. Our training and evaluation code can be accessed through the link: https://github.com/mariabaldeon/PPZ-SegNet.git.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1083245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11460296/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49280771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proof of lung muscarinic receptor occupancy by tiotropium: Translational Positron Emission Tomography studies in non-human primates and humans.","authors":"Zsolt Cselényi, Aurelija Jucaite, Pär Ewing, Per Stenkrona, Cecilia Kristensson, Peter Johnström, Magnus Schou, Martin Bolin, Christer Halldin, Bengt Larsson, Ken Grime, Ulf G Eriksson, Lars Farde","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1080005","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1080005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Molecular imaging has not been used to support the development of drugs for the treatment of pulmonary disorders. The aim of the present translational study was to advance quantitative pulmonary PET imaging by demonstrating occupancy of the reference asthma drug tiotropium at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PET imaging was performed using the muscarinic radioligand [¹¹C]VC-002. The key methodological step involved estimating muscarinic receptor binding while disentangling it from the background of non-specific binding. The relationship between tiotropium exposure and receptor occupancy (RO) was assessed in non-human primates (NHPs) after intravenous injection of tiotropium doses at a broad dose interval (0.03-1 <i>µ</i>g/kg). The feasibility of measuring RO in the human lung was then confirmed in seven healthy human subjects after inhalation of a single therapeutic dose of tiotropium (18 <i>µ</i>g).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was an evident effect of tiotropium on [¹¹C]VC-002 binding to mAChRs in lungs in both NHPs and humans. In NHPs, RO was 11 to 78% and increased in a dose dependent manner. Non-displaceable binding in NHPs was about 10% of total binding. In humans, RO was 6%-65%, and non-displaceable binding was about 20% of total binding at baseline.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results demonstrate that [¹¹C]VC-002 binds specifically to mAChRs in the lungs enabling the assessment of RO following administration of muscarinic antagonist drugs. Furthermore, the methodology has potential not only for dose finding and comparison of drug formulations in future applied studies, but also for evaluating changes in lung receptor distribution during disease or in response to therapy.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03097380.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1080005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440881/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48166038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report: Regaining radioiodine uptake following PRRT in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer: A new re-differentiation strategy?","authors":"Bentolhoda Hadad, Emran Askari, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi, Kamran Aryana, Soheila Erfani, Pegah Sahafi, Nima Nabavi, Atena Aghaee","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1071022","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1071022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 61-year-old woman with a history of metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma became radioiodine-refractory following two doses of radioiodine (RAI) therapy (cumulative = 230 mCi). While no RAI-avid lesion was noticed in the last post-ablation whole-body radioiodine scan (WBIS), she reported sternal pain, which was accompanied by rapidly rising thyroglobulin levels. ¹⁸F-FDG and ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT was performed, showing metastatic pulmonary nodules and a lytic sternal lesion with acceptable avidity (i.e. uptake ≥ liver). Following four cycles of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-TATE, the thyroglobulin levels dropped significantly, and the sternal pain was partially alleviated. Despite only experiencing grade I thrombocytopenia, the treating physician decided to discontinue PRRT and repeat the diagnostic WBIS. Surprisingly, the scan revealed significantly increased tracer uptake in the sternum. The patient received 200 mCi ¹³¹I, and WBIS showed increased RAI uptake in all pulmonary nodules as well as bone metastases. We report a case of RAI-refractory thyroid carcinoma with a somatostatin-receptor expression that re-differentiated and gained significant RAI uptake capacity after PRRT.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1071022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44497652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic deconvolution of PET images using informed priors.","authors":"Thomas Mejer Hansen, Klaus Mosegaard, Søren Holm, Flemming Littrup Andersen, Barbara Malene Fischer, Adam Espe Hansen","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1028928","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1028928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We present a probabilistic approach to medical image analysis that requires, and makes use of, explicit prior information provided by a medical expert. Depending on the choice of prior model the method can be used for image enhancement, analysis, and segmentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The methodology is based on a probabilistic approach to medical image analysis, that allows integration of 1) arbitrarily complex prior information (for which realizations can be generated), 2) information about a convolution operator of the imaging system, and 3) information about the noise in the reconstructed image into a posterior probability density. The method was demonstrated on positron emission tomography (PET) images obtained from a phantom and a patient with lung cancer. The likelihood model (multivariate log-normal) and the convolution operator were derived from phantom data. Two examples of prior information were used to show the potential of the method. The extended Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, was used to generate realizations of the posterior distribution of the tracer activity concentration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A set of realizations from the posterior was used as the base of a quantitative PET image analysis. The mean and variance of activity concentrations were computed, as well as the probability of high tracer uptake and statistics on the size and activity concentration of high uptake regions. For both phantom and in vivo images, the estimated images of mean activity concentrations appeared to have reduced noise levels, and a sharper outline of high activity regions, as compared to the original PET. The estimated variance of activity concentrations was high at the edges of high activity regions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The methodology provides a probabilistic approach for medical image analysis that explicitly takes into account medical expert knowledge as prior information. The presented first results indicate the potential of the method to improve the detection of small lesions. The methodology allows for a probabilistic measure of the size and activity level of high uptake regions, with possible long-term perspectives for early detection of cancer, as well as treatment, planning, and follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":"1028928"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11459987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45918692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiometal chelators for infection diagnostics.","authors":"Asma Akter, Oliver Lyons, Varun Mehra, Heather Isenman, Vincenzo Abbate","doi":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1058388","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnume.2022.1058388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection of native tissues or implanted devices is common, but clinical diagnosis is frequently difficult and currently available noninvasive tests perform poorly. Immunocompromised individuals (for example transplant recipients, or those with cancer) are at increased risk. No imaging test in clinical use can specifically identify infection, or accurately differentiate bacterial from fungal infections. Commonly used [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) positron emission computed tomography (PET/CT) is sensitive for infection, but limited by poor specificity because increased glucose uptake may also indicate inflammation or malignancy. Furthermore, this tracer provides no indication of the type of infective agent (bacterial, fungal, or parasitic). Imaging tools that directly and specifically target microbial pathogens are highly desirable to improve noninvasive infection diagnosis and localization. A growing field of research is exploring the utility of radiometals and their chelators (siderophores), which are small molecules that bind radiometals and form a stable complex allowing sequestration by microbes. This radiometal-chelator complex can be directed to a specific microbial target <i>in vivo</i>, facilitating anatomical localization by PET or single photon emission computed tomography. Additionally, bifunctional chelators can further conjugate therapeutic molecules (e.g., peptides, antibiotics, antibodies) while still bound to desired radiometals, combining specific imaging with highly targeted antimicrobial therapy. These novel therapeutics may prove a useful complement to the armamentarium in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance. This review will highlight current state of infection imaging diagnostics and their limitations, strategies to develop infection-specific diagnostics, recent advances in radiometal-based chelators for microbial infection imaging, challenges, and future directions to improve targeted diagnostics and/or therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":73095,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in nuclear medicine (Lausanne, Switzerland)","volume":"2 ","pages":"1058388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10127416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}