Frontiers in neuroengineering最新文献

{"title":"Acute human brain responses to intracortical microelectrode arrays: challenges and future prospects.","authors":"Eduardo Fernández,&nbsp;Bradley Greger,&nbsp;Paul A House,&nbsp;Ignacio Aranda,&nbsp;Carlos Botella,&nbsp;Julio Albisua,&nbsp;Cristina Soto-Sánchez,&nbsp;Arantxa Alfaro,&nbsp;Richard A Normann","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emerging field of neuroprosthetics is focused on the development of new therapeutic interventions that will be able to restore some lost neural function by selective electrical stimulation or by harnessing activity recorded from populations of neurons. As more and more patients benefit from these approaches, the interest in neural interfaces has grown significantly and a new generation of penetrating microelectrode arrays are providing unprecedented access to the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). These microelectrodes have active tip dimensions that are similar in size to neurons and because they penetrate the nervous system, they provide selective access to these cells (within a few microns). However, the very long-term viability of chronically implanted microelectrodes and the capability of recording the same spiking activity over long time periods still remain to be established and confirmed in human studies. Here we review the main responses to acute implantation of microelectrode arrays, and emphasize that it will become essential to control the neural tissue damage induced by these intracortical microelectrodes in order to achieve the high clinical potentials accompanying this technology. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32565797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in functional brain organization and behavioral correlations after rehabilitative therapy using a brain-computer interface.","authors":"Brittany M Young,&nbsp;Zack Nigogosyan,&nbsp;Léo M Walton,&nbsp;Jie Song,&nbsp;Veena A Nair,&nbsp;Scott W Grogan,&nbsp;Mitchell E Tyler,&nbsp;Dorothy F Edwards,&nbsp;Kristin Caldera,&nbsp;Justin A Sattin,&nbsp;Justin C Williams,&nbsp;Vivek Prabhakaran","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to examine the changes in task-related brain activity induced by rehabilitative therapy using brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies and whether these changes are relevant to functional gains achieved through the use of these therapies. Stroke patients with persistent upper-extremity motor deficits received interventional rehabilitation therapy using a closed-loop neurofeedback BCI device (n = 8) or no therapy (n = 6). Behavioral assessments using the Stroke Impact Scale, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) as well as task-based fMRI scans were conducted before, during, after, and 1 month after therapy administration or at analogous intervals in the absence of therapy. Laterality Index (LI) values during finger tapping of each hand were calculated for each time point and assessed for correlation with behavioral outcomes. Brain activity during finger tapping of each hand shifted over the course of BCI therapy, but not in the absence of therapy, to greater involvement of the non-lesioned hemisphere (and lesser involvement of the stroke-lesioned hemisphere) as measured by LI. Moreover, changes from baseline LI values during finger tapping of the impaired hand were correlated with gains in both objective and subjective behavioral measures. These findings suggest that the administration of interventional BCI therapy can induce differential changes in brain activity patterns between the lesioned and non-lesioned hemispheres and that these brain changes are associated with changes in specific motor functions. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32546661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuromodulation: present and emerging methods.","authors":"Song Luan, Ian Williams, Konstantin Nikolic, Timothy G Constandinou","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00027","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromodulation has wide ranging potential applications in replacing impaired neural function (prosthetics), as a novel form of medical treatment (therapy), and as a tool for investigating neurons and neural function (research). Voltage and current controlled electrical neural stimulation (ENS) are methods that have already been widely applied in both neuroscience and clinical practice for neuroprosthetics. However, there are numerous alternative methods of stimulating or inhibiting neurons. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ENS as well as alternative neuromodulation techniques-presenting the operational concepts, technical implementation and limitations-in order to inform system design choices. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4097946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32546662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced discomfort during high-definition transcutaneous stimulation using 6% benzocaine.","authors":"Berkan Guleyupoglu,&nbsp;Nicole Febles,&nbsp;Preet Minhas,&nbsp;Christoph Hahn,&nbsp;Marom Bikson","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) allows for non-invasive neuromodulation using an array of compact (approximately 1 cm(2) contact area) \"High-Definition\" (HD) electrodes, as compared to conventional tDCS (which uses two large pads that are approximately 35 cm(2)). In a previous transcutaneous study, we developed and validated designs for HD electrodes that reduce discomfort over >20 min session with 2 mA electrode current.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a chemical pretreatment with 6% benzocaine (topical numbing agent) to further reduce subjective discomfort during transcutaneous stimulation and to allow for better sham controlled studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pre-treatment with 6% benzocaine was compared with control (no pretreatment) for 22 min 2 mA of stimulation, with either CCNY-4 or Lectron II electroconductive gel, for both cathodal and anodal transcutaneous (forearm) stimulation (eight different combinations).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RESULTS show that for all conditions and polarities tested, stimulation with HD electrodes is safe and well tolerated and that pretreatment further reduced subjective discomfort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pretreatment with a mild analgesic reduces discomfort during HD-tDCS.</p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32542659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the neural correlates of cerebral palsy for sensorimotor BCI control.","authors":"Ian Daly,&nbsp;Josef Faller,&nbsp;Reinhold Scherer,&nbsp;Catherine M Sweeney-Reed,&nbsp;Slawomir J Nasuto,&nbsp;Martin Billinger,&nbsp;Gernot R Müller-Putz","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00020","url":null,"abstract":"Cerebral palsy (CP) includes a broad range of disorders, which can result in impairment of posture and movement control. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been proposed as assistive devices for individuals with CP. Better understanding of the neural processing underlying motor control in affected individuals could lead to more targeted BCI rehabilitation and treatment options. We have explored well-known neural correlates of movement, including event-related desynchronization (ERD), phase synchrony, and a recently-introduced measure of phase dynamics, in participants with CP and healthy control participants. Although present, significantly less ERD and phase locking were found in the group with CP. Additionally, inter-group differences in phase dynamics were also significant. Taken together these findings suggest that users with CP exhibit lower levels of motor cortex activation during motor imagery, as reflected in lower levels of ongoing mu suppression and less functional connectivity. These differences indicate that development of BCIs for individuals with CP may pose additional challenges beyond those faced in providing BCIs to healthy individuals.","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32542656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracking single units in chronic, large scale, neural recordings for brain machine interface applications.","authors":"Ahmed Eleryan,&nbsp;Mukta Vaidya,&nbsp;Joshua Southerland,&nbsp;Islam S Badreldin,&nbsp;Karthikeyan Balasubramanian,&nbsp;Andrew H Fagg,&nbsp;Nicholas Hatsopoulos,&nbsp;Karim Oweiss","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the study of population coding in neurobiological systems, tracking unit identity may be critical to assess possible changes in the coding properties of neuronal constituents over prolonged periods of time. Ensuring unit stability is even more critical for reliable neural decoding of motor variables in intra-cortically controlled brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Variability in intrinsic spike patterns, tuning characteristics, and single-unit identity over chronic use is a major challenge to maintaining this stability, requiring frequent daily calibration of neural decoders in BMI sessions by an experienced human operator. Here, we report on a unit-stability tracking algorithm that efficiently and autonomously identifies putative single-units that are stable across many sessions using a relatively short duration recording interval at the start of each session. The algorithm first builds a database of features extracted from units' average spike waveforms and firing patterns across many days of recording. It then uses these features to decide whether spike occurrences on the same channel on one day belong to the same unit recorded on another day or not. We assessed the overall performance of the algorithm for different choices of features and classifiers trained using human expert judgment, and quantified it as a function of accuracy and execution time. Overall, we found a trade-off between accuracy and execution time with increasing data volumes from chronically implanted rhesus macaques, with an average of 12 s processing time per channel at ~90% classification accuracy. Furthermore, 77% of the resulting putative single-units matched those tracked by human experts. These results demonstrate that over the span of a few months of recordings, automated unit tracking can be performed with high accuracy and used to streamline the calibration phase during BMI sessions. Our findings may be useful to the study of population coding during learning, and to improve the reliability of BMI systems and accelerate their deployment in clinical applications. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32542658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in functional connectivity correlate with behavioral gains in stroke patients after therapy using a brain-computer interface device.","authors":"Brittany Mei Young,&nbsp;Zack Nigogosyan,&nbsp;Alexander Remsik,&nbsp;Léo M Walton,&nbsp;Jie Song,&nbsp;Veena A Nair,&nbsp;Scott W Grogan,&nbsp;Mitchell E Tyler,&nbsp;Dorothy Farrar Edwards,&nbsp;Kristin Caldera,&nbsp;Justin A Sattin,&nbsp;Justin C Williams,&nbsp;Vivek Prabhakaran","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology is being incorporated into new stroke rehabilitation devices, but little is known about brain changes associated with its use. We collected anatomical and functional MRI of nine stroke patients with persistent upper extremity motor impairment before, during, and after therapy using a BCI system. Subjects were asked to perform finger tapping of the impaired hand during fMRI. Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT), and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) domains of Hand Function (HF) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were also assessed. Group-level analyses examined changes in whole-brain task-based functional connectivity (FC) to seed regions in the motor network observed during and after BCI therapy. Whole-brain FC analyses seeded in each thalamus showed FC increases from baseline at mid-therapy and post-therapy (p < 0.05). Changes in FC between seeds at both the network and the connection levels were examined for correlations with changes in behavioral measures. Average motor network FC was increased post-therapy, and changes in average network FC correlated (p < 0.05) with changes in performance on ARAT (R (2) = 0.21), 9-HPT (R (2) = 0.41), SIS HF (R (2) = 0.27), and SIS ADL (R (2) = 0.40). Multiple individual connections within the motor network were found to correlate in change from baseline with changes in behavioral measures. Many of these connections involved the thalamus, with change in each of four behavioral measures significantly correlating with change from baseline FC of at least one thalamic connection. These preliminary results show changes in FC that occur with the administration of rehabilitative therapy using a BCI system. The correlations noted between changes in FC measures and changes in behavioral outcomes indicate that both adaptive and maladaptive changes in FC may develop with this therapy and also suggest a brain-behavior relationship that may be stimulated by the neuromodulatory component of BCI therapy. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32542660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-computer interface with somatosensory feedback improves functional recovery from severe hemiplegia due to chronic stroke.","authors":"Takashi Ono,&nbsp;Keiichiro Shindo,&nbsp;Kimiko Kawashima,&nbsp;Naoki Ota,&nbsp;Mari Ito,&nbsp;Tetsuo Ota,&nbsp;Masahiko Mukaino,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Fujiwara,&nbsp;Akio Kimura,&nbsp;Meigen Liu,&nbsp;Junichi Ushiba","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies have shown that scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-computer interface (BCI) has a great potential for motor rehabilitation in stroke patients with severe hemiplegia. However, key elements in BCI architecture for functional recovery has yet to be clear. We in this study focused on the type of feedback to the patients, which is given contingently to their motor-related EEG in a BCI context. The efficacy of visual and somatosensory feedbacks was compared by a two-group study with the chronic stroke patients who are suffering with severe motor hemiplegia. Twelve patients were asked an attempt of finger opening in the affected side repeatedly, and the event-related desynchronization (ERD) in EEG of alpha and beta rhythms was monitored over bilateral parietal regions. Six patients were received a simple visual feedback in which the hand open/grasp picture on screen was animated at eye level, following significant ERD. Six patients were received a somatosensory feedback in which the motor-driven orthosis was triggered to extend the paralyzed fingers from 90 to 50°. All the participants received 1-h BCI treatment with 12-20 training days. After the training period, while no changes in clinical scores and electromyographic (EMG) activity were observed in visual feedback group after training, voluntary EMG activity was newly observed in the affected finger extensors in four cases and the clinical score of upper limb function in the affected side was also improved in three participants in somatosensory feedback group. Although the present study was conducted with a limited number of patients, these results imply that BCI training with somatosensory feedback could be more effective for rehabilitation than with visual feedback. This pilot trial positively encouraged further clinical BCI research using a controlled design. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32542655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-computer interface game applications for combined neurofeedback and biofeedback treatment for children on the autism spectrum.","authors":"Elisabeth V C Friedrich,&nbsp;Neil Suttie,&nbsp;Aparajithan Sivanathan,&nbsp;Theodore Lim,&nbsp;Sandy Louchart,&nbsp;Jaime A Pineda","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show deficits in social and communicative skills, including imitation, empathy, and shared attention, as well as restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behaviors. Evidence for and against the idea that dysfunctions in the mirror neuron system are involved in imitation and could be one underlying cause for ASD is discussed in this review. Neurofeedback interventions have reduced symptoms in children with ASD by self-regulation of brain rhythms. However, cortical deficiencies are not the only cause of these symptoms. Peripheral physiological activity, such as the heart rate and its variability, is closely linked to neurophysiological signals and associated with social engagement. Therefore, a combined approach targeting the interplay between brain, body, and behavior could be more effective. Brain-computer interface applications for combined neurofeedback and biofeedback treatment for children with ASD are currently nonexistent. To facilitate their use, we have designed an innovative game that includes social interactions and provides neural- and body-based feedback that corresponds directly to the underlying significance of the trained signals as well as to the behavior that is reinforced. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32542657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: post-stroke interventional BCI rehabilitation in an individual with preexisting sensorineural disability.","authors":"Brittany M Young,&nbsp;Zack Nigogosyan,&nbsp;Veena A Nair,&nbsp;Léo M Walton,&nbsp;Jie Song,&nbsp;Mitchell E Tyler,&nbsp;Dorothy F Edwards,&nbsp;Kristin Caldera,&nbsp;Justin A Sattin,&nbsp;Justin C Williams,&nbsp;Vivek Prabhakaran","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapies involving new technologies such as brain-computer interfaces (BCI) are being studied to determine their potential for interventional rehabilitation after acute events such as stroke produce lasting impairments. While studies have examined the use of BCI devices by individuals with disabilities, many such devices are intended to address a specific limitation and have been studied when this limitation or disability is present in isolation. Little is known about the therapeutic potential of these devices for individuals with multiple disabilities with an acquired impairment overlaid on a secondary long-standing disability. We describe a case in which a male patient with congenital deafness suffered a right pontine ischemic stroke, resulting in persistent weakness of his left hand and arm. This patient volunteer completed four baseline assessments beginning at 4 months after stroke onset and subsequently underwent 6 weeks of interventional rehabilitation therapy using a closed-loop neurofeedback BCI device with visual, functional electrical stimulation, and tongue stimulation feedback modalities. Additional assessments were conducted at the midpoint of therapy, upon completion of therapy, and 1 month after completing all BCI therapy. Anatomical and functional MRI scans were obtained at each assessment, along with behavioral measures including the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT). Clinically significant improvements in behavioral measures were noted over the course of BCI therapy, with more than 10 point gains in both the ARAT scores and scores for the SIS hand function domain. Neuroimaging during finger tapping of the impaired hand also showed changes in brain activation patterns associated with BCI therapy. This case study demonstrates the potential for individuals who have preexisting disability or possible atypical brain organization to learn to use a BCI system that may confer some rehabilitative benefit. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32491079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}