Frontiers in neuroengineering最新文献

{"title":"In vivo comparison of the charge densities required to evoke motor responses using novel annular penetrating microelectrodes.","authors":"Emma K Brunton,&nbsp;Bjorn Winther-Jensen,&nbsp;Chun Wang,&nbsp;Edwin B Yan,&nbsp;Saman Hagh Gooie,&nbsp;Arthur J Lowery,&nbsp;Ramesh Rajan","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2015.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2015.00005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrodes for cortical stimulation need to deliver current to neural tissue effectively and safely. We have developed electrodes with a novel annular geometry for use in cortical visual prostheses. Here, we explore a critical question on the ideal annulus height to ensure electrical stimulation will be safe and effective. We implanted single electrodes into the motor cortex of anesthetized rats and measured the current required to evoke a motor response to stimulation, and the charge injection capacity (CIC) of the electrodes. We compared platinum iridium (PtIr) electrodes with different annulus heights, with and without a coating of porous titanium nitride (TiN). Threshold charge densities to evoke a motor response ranged from 12 to 36 μC.cm(-2).ph(-1). Electrodes with larger geometric surface areas (GSAs) required higher currents to evoke responses, but lower charge densities. The addition of a porous TiN coating did not significantly influence the current required to evoke a motor response. The CIC of both electrode types was significantly reduced in vivo compared with in vitro measurements. The measured CIC was 72 and 18 μC.cm(-2).ph(-1) for electrodes with and without a TiN coating, respectively. These results support the use of PtIr annular electrodes with annulus heights greater than 100 μm (GSA of 38, 000 μm(2)). However, if the electrodes are coated with porous TiN the annulus height can be reduced to 40 μm (GSA of 16,000 μm(2)). </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":"8 ","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4429246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33347723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SET: a pupil detection method using sinusoidal approximation.","authors":"Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Zahra Hakimi, Morteza Barati, Vincent Walsh, Lili Tcheang","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2015.00004","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fneng.2015.00004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mobile eye-tracking in external environments remains challenging, despite recent advances in eye-tracking software and hardware engineering. Many current methods fail to deal with the vast range of outdoor lighting conditions and the speed at which these can change. This confines experiments to artificial environments where conditions must be tightly controlled. Additionally, the emergence of low-cost eye tracking devices calls for the development of analysis tools that enable non-technical researchers to process the output of their images. We have developed a fast and accurate method (known as \"SET\") that is suitable even for natural environments with uncontrolled, dynamic and even extreme lighting conditions. We compared the performance of SET with that of two open-source alternatives by processing two collections of eye images: images of natural outdoor scenes with extreme lighting variations (\"Natural\"); and images of less challenging indoor scenes (\"CASIA-Iris-Thousand\"). We show that SET excelled in outdoor conditions and was faster, without significant loss of accuracy, indoors. SET offers a low cost eye-tracking solution, delivering high performance even in challenging outdoor environments. It is offered through an open-source MATLAB toolkit as well as a dynamic-link library (\"DLL\"), which can be imported into many programming languages including C# and Visual Basic in Windows OS (www.eyegoeyetracker.co.uk). </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":"8 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33253186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The chronic challenge-new vistas on long-term multisite contacts to the central nervous system.","authors":"Ulrich G Hofmann,&nbsp;Jürgen Krüger","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2015.00003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2015.00003","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Research Topic at hand is a collection of contributions from eminent research groups shedding light on several aspects of the still unresolved problem of a truly chronic cortical interface to enable long term brain-machine interfacing to human patients. \u0000 \u0000The hypothesis article of Fernandez et al. (2014) adds to the three generally agreed-on features for biocompatibility (bio-safety, bio-stability, and bio-functionality) with a fourth one that mirrors the demand for “bio-tolerability.” Sommakia et al. (2014a) study aims to reduce the almost-immediate adsorption of non-cellular tissue components upon insertion by dip-coating polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a “stealth” cover. It points toward a beneficial alteration of adsorption on the probe, but cautions PEG's immediate use for long term implants in the brain. In fact, in a second contribution based on a mixed-brain culture (Sommakia et al., 2014b), they show evidence for a complex response of glia cells on micro-wires dip-coated with PEG and/or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), but not of neurons, which is somewhat contradictory to pure in vivo findings. \u0000 \u0000In the same context of passive probe coatings, De Faveri et al. (2014) moved toward a more “natural” method by coating glass-insulated micro-wires with fibrin hydrogel, as a biological cushion between brain and probe. Using immunofluorescence techniques, they were able to demonstrate a beneficial effect on longer term astrocytic responses and successful encapsulation of brain cells in fibrin as in Richter (2012). \u0000 \u0000Beyond the modulatory effects of passive surface coatings, two articles review organic coatings for micro-contacts in the nervous system. The contribution by Asplund et al. (2014) concisely reviews electrodes based on conductive polymers, not only for improving site-tissue coupling, but also for electrically eluting anti-inflammatory drugs using various stimulation patterns. They go to great depth on how to apply this elution process to a living being, since the active elution technique inherently requires compliance with demanding bio-compatibility issues. \u0000 \u0000The review of Aregueta-Robles et al. (2014) addresses the topic of organic and nanoscopic coatings with a wider perspective, and thus provides an excellent overview regarding a huge variety of the various reported approaches including the “living electrode” of Ochiai et al. (1980) and their adaptation by Richter et al. (2010, 2011). \u0000 \u0000Extending the time frame of all above mentioned studies, Prasad et al. (2014) investigate whether the brain's foreign body response is the sole cause for poor electrode yield using Pt/Ir micro wire arrays. They state that leading aspects include the suboptimal construction of the micro wires, as well as the severing of the blood brain barrier upon insertion. In order to achieve a deeper insight into the suboptimal micro array construction, another study of the same group (Sankar et al., 2014) analyses long-term impedance spectra using FEM ","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":"8 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2015.00003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33199861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High frequency switched-mode stimulation can evoke post synaptic responses in cerebellar principal neurons.","authors":"Marijn N van Dongen,&nbsp;Freek E Hoebeek,&nbsp;S K E Koekkoek,&nbsp;Chris I De Zeeuw,&nbsp;Wouter A Serdijn","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2015.00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2015.00002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper investigates the efficacy of high frequency switched-mode neural stimulation. Instead of using a constant stimulation amplitude, the stimulus is switched on and off repeatedly with a high frequency (up to 100 kHz) duty cycled signal. By means of tissue modeling that includes the dynamic properties of both the tissue material as well as the axon membrane, it is first shown that switched-mode stimulation depolarizes the cell membrane in a similar way as classical constant amplitude stimulation. These findings are subsequently verified using in vitro experiments in which the response of a Purkinje cell is measured due to a stimulation signal in the molecular layer of the cerebellum of a mouse. For this purpose a stimulator circuit is developed that is able to produce a monophasic high frequency switched-mode stimulation signal. The results confirm the modeling by showing that switched-mode stimulation is able to induce similar responses in the Purkinje cell as classical stimulation using a constant current source. This conclusion opens up possibilities for novel stimulation designs that can improve the performance of the stimulator circuitry. Care has to be taken to avoid losses in the system due to the higher operating frequency. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":"8 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2015.00002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33027112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NeuroPG: open source software for optical pattern generation and data acquisition.","authors":"Benjamin W Avants,&nbsp;Daniel B Murphy,&nbsp;Joel A Dapello,&nbsp;Jacob T Robinson","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2015.00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2015.00001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patterned illumination using a digital micromirror device (DMD) is a powerful tool for optogenetics. Compared to a scanning laser, DMDs are inexpensive and can easily create complex illumination patterns. Combining these complex spatiotemporal illumination patterns with optogenetics allows DMD-equipped microscopes to probe neural circuits by selectively manipulating the activity of many individual cells or many subcellular regions at the same time. To use DMDs to study neural activity, scientists must develop specialized software to coordinate optical stimulation patterns with the acquisition of electrophysiological and fluorescence data. To meet this growing need we have developed an open source optical pattern generation software for neuroscience-NeuroPG-that combines, DMD control, sample visualization, and data acquisition in one application. Built on a MATLAB platform, NeuroPG can also process, analyze, and visualize data. The software is designed specifically for the Mightex Polygon400; however, as an open source package, NeuroPG can be modified to incorporate any data acquisition, imaging, or illumination equipment that is compatible with MATLAB's Data Acquisition and Image Acquisition toolboxes. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":"8 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2015.00001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33140285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A low-cost programmable pulse generator for physiology and behavior.","authors":"Joshua I Sanders,&nbsp;Adam Kepecs","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precisely timed experimental manipulations of the brain and its sensory environment are often employed to reveal principles of brain function. While complex and reliable pulse trains for temporal stimulus control can be generated with commercial instruments, contemporary options remain expensive and proprietary. We have developed Pulse Pal, an open source device that allows users to create and trigger software-defined trains of voltage pulses with high temporal precision. Here we describe Pulse Pal's circuitry and firmware, and characterize its precision and reliability. In addition, we supply online documentation with instructions for assembling, testing and installing Pulse Pal. While the device can be operated as a stand-alone instrument, we also provide application programming interfaces in several programming languages. As an inexpensive, flexible and open solution for temporal control, we anticipate that Pulse Pal will be used to address a wide range of instrumentation timing challenges in neuroscience research. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32957600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of BCI with the underlying neurological conditions in patients: pros and cons.","authors":"Aleksandra Vuckovic,&nbsp;Jaime A Pineda,&nbsp;Kristen LaMarca,&nbsp;Disha Gupta,&nbsp;Christoph Guger","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00042","url":null,"abstract":"The primary purpose of clinical Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems is to help patients communicate with their environment or to aid in their recovery. BCI can be used to replace, restore, enhance, supplement, or improve natural Central Neural System (CNS) output (Wolpaw and Wolpaw, 2012). \u0000 \u0000A common denominator for all BCI patient groups is that they suffer from a neurological deficit. As a consequence, BCI systems in clinical and research settings operate with control signals (brain waves) that could be substantially altered compared to brain waves of able-bodied individuals. Most BCI systems are built and tested on able-bodied individuals, being insufficiently robust for clinical applications. The main reason for this is a lack of systematic analysis on how different neurological problems affect the BCI performance. \u0000 \u0000This special issue highlights interaction of BCI systems with the underlying neurological problems and how performance of these BCI system differ compared to similar systems tested on healthy individuals. The issue presents 4 reviews (Friedrich et al., 2014; Pineda et al., 2014; Priftis, 2014; Rupp, 2014) and 8 experimental studies (Ang et al., 2014; Daly et al., 2014; Ono et al., 2014; Song et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014; Young et al., 2014a,b,c). It covers studies on five different patient groups: stroke (Ang et al., 2014; Ono et al., 2014; Song et al., 2014; Young et al., 2014a,b,c), spinal cord injury (SCI) (Rupp, 2014; Xu et al., 2014), autism (Friedrich et al., 2014; Pineda et al., 2014), cerebral palsy (CP) (Daly et al., 2014) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Priftis, 2014). Three different types of BCI are presented: motor imagery, P300 and neurofeedback (operant conditioning). In the presented papers, BCI has been used either on its own or in a combination with an external device such as a robot or a functional electrical stimulation (FES). \u0000 \u0000Review papers discuss several possible applications of BCI including methods to replace (Priftis, 2014; Rupp, 2014), restore (Rupp, 2014) and improve (Friedrich et al., 2014; Pineda et al., 2014; Rupp, 2014) natural CNP output. Several experimental studies in this special issue present BCI applications to improve and restore CNP functions (Ang et al., 2014; Ono et al., 2014; Young et al., 2014a,b) while some present basic research papers looking into the effect of BCI training on the cortical activity (Song et al., 2014; Young et al., 2014b,c) or exploring EEG signature characteristic for a certain patient group, such as SCI or CP (Daly et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2014). \u0000 \u0000In two review articles Pineda et al. and Friedrich et al. look into the application of BCI on a relatively novel group of patients, autistic children, who show deficits in social and communicative skills, including imitation, empathy, and shared attention, as well as restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behaviors. They discuss evidences for model-based neurofeedback approach for treating auti","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32882894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glial cells, but not neurons, exhibit a controllable response to a localized inflammatory microenvironment in vitro.","authors":"Salah Sommakia,&nbsp;Jenna L Rickus,&nbsp;Kevin J Otto","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to design long-lasting intracortical implants hinges on understanding the factors leading to the loss of neuronal density and the formation of the glial scar. In this study, we modify a common in vitro mixed cortical culture model using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to examine the responses of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons to microwire segments. We also use dip-coated polyethylene glycol (PEG), which we have previously shown can modulate impedance changes to neural microelectrodes, to control the cellular responses. We find that microglia, as expected, exhibit an elevated response to LPS-coated microwire for distances of up to 150 μm, and that this elevated response can be mitigated by co-depositing PEG with LPS. Astrocytes exhibit a more complex, distance-dependent response, whereas neurons do not appear to be affected by the type or magnitude of glial response within this in vitro model. The discrepancy between our in vitro responses and typically observed in vivo responses suggest the importance of using a systems approach to understand the responses of the various brain cell types in a chronic in vivo setting, as well as the necessity of studying the roles of cell types not native to the brain. Our results further indicate that the loss of neuronal density observed in vivo is not a necessary consequence of elevated glial activation. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32861671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time in vivo optogenetic neuromodulation and multielectrode electrophysiologic recording with NeuroRighter.","authors":"Nealen G Laxpati,&nbsp;Babak Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Claire-Anne Gutekunst,&nbsp;Jonathan P Newman,&nbsp;Riley Zeller-Townson,&nbsp;Robert E Gross","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optogenetic channels have greatly expanded neuroscience's experimental capabilities, enabling precise genetic targeting and manipulation of neuron subpopulations in awake and behaving animals. However, many barriers to entry remain for this technology - including low-cost and effective hardware for combined optical stimulation and electrophysiologic recording. To address this, we adapted the open-source NeuroRighter multichannel electrophysiology platform for use in awake and behaving rodents in both open and closed-loop stimulation experiments. Here, we present these cost-effective adaptations, including commercially available LED light sources; custom-made optical ferrules; 3D printed ferrule hardware and software to calibrate and standardize output intensity; and modifications to commercially available electrode arrays enabling stimulation proximally and distally to the recording target. We then demonstrate the capabilities and versatility of these adaptations in several open and closed-loop experiments, demonstrate spectrographic methods of analyzing the results, as well as discuss artifacts of stimulation. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32820639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CMOS IC-based multisite measuring system for stimulation and recording in neural preparations in vitro.","authors":"Takashi Tateno,&nbsp;Jun Nishikawa","doi":"10.3389/fneng.2014.00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneng.2014.00039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this report, we describe the system integration of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip, capable of both stimulation and recording of neurons or neural tissues, to investigate electrical signal propagation within cellular networks in vitro. The overall system consisted of three major subunits: a 5.0 × 5.0 mm CMOS IC chip, a reconfigurable logic device (field-programmable gate array, FPGA), and a PC. To test the system, microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were used to extracellularly measure the activity of cultured rat cortical neurons and mouse cortical slices. The MEA had 64 bidirectional (stimulation and recording) electrodes. In addition, the CMOS IC chip was equipped with dedicated analog filters, amplification stages, and a stimulation buffer. Signals from the electrodes were sampled at 15.6 kHz with 16-bit resolution. The measured input-referred circuitry noise was 10.1 μ V root mean square (10 Hz to 100 kHz), which allowed reliable detection of neural signals ranging from several millivolts down to approximately 33 μ Vpp. Experiments were performed involving the stimulation of neurons with several spatiotemporal patterns and the recording of the triggered activity. An advantage over current MEAs, as demonstrated by our experiments, includes the ability to stimulate (voltage stimulation, 5-bit resolution) spatiotemporal patterns in arbitrary subsets of electrodes. Furthermore, the fast stimulation reset mechanism allowed us to record neuronal signals from a stimulating electrode around 3 ms after stimulation. We demonstrate that the system can be directly applied to, for example, auditory neural prostheses in conjunction with an acoustic sensor and a sound processing system. </p>","PeriodicalId":73093,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in neuroengineering","volume":" ","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/fneng.2014.00039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32773590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}