Fish and shellfish immunology reports最新文献

{"title":"Chemically-induced trout model of acute intestinal inflammation using TNBS","authors":"Marianna E. Horn ,&nbsp;Helmut Segner ,&nbsp;Markus Brinkmann ,&nbsp;Steven Machtaler","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chemically-induced models of intestinal inflammation are a useful tool for the study of immune responses and inflammation. Although well established in mammals, application of these models is currently limited in teleosts. Based on a variety of factors, including genetic diversity, known toxicological sensitivity, and economic importance, we propose salmonids as a model family of fishes for studying intestinal inflammation. We present a rainbow trout model of chemically-induced intestinal inflammation using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), assessed through histological analysis of primary and secondary intestinal folding, enterocyte morphology, goblet cell size and frequency, tissue layer thickness, and immune cell infiltration. Twenty-four hours after treatment with one of three concentrations of TNBS, trout developed classic signs of intestinal inflammation, including notably increased thickness of primary and secondary folds, and increased immune cell infiltration as compared to controls. This study provides a simple, reproducible model of rapid TNBS-induction of moderate intestinal inflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807998/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10857028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genes Expression in Penaeus Monodon of Bangladesh; Challenged with AHPND-Causing Vibrio Parahaemolyticus","authors":"M. M. Hossain, Nawshin Farjana, Rukaiya Afroz, Hasan Uj-Jaman, Pobitra Kumar Saha, Hironmoy Shovon Roy, Md. Anisur Rahman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4224047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4224047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68737004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term dexamethasone treatment increases the engraftment efficiency of human breast cancer cells in adult zebrafish","authors":"Juliana Moreira Mendonça-Gomes ,&nbsp;Thalita Marcolan Valverde ,&nbsp;Thaís Maria da Mata Martins ,&nbsp;Ives Charlie-Silva ,&nbsp;Barbara Nunes Padovani ,&nbsp;Camila Morales Fénero ,&nbsp;Eloisa Martins da Silva ,&nbsp;Rosana Zacarias Domingues ,&nbsp;Daniela Chemim Melo-Hoyos ,&nbsp;José Dias Corrêa-Junior ,&nbsp;Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara ,&nbsp;Alfredo Miranda Góes ,&nbsp;Dawidson Assis Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The host immune system tends to reject xenogenic-implanted cells making tumor development in adult host animal models difficult. Immune system suppression is used for successful xenotransplantation of human cancer cells in many animal models. The studies of cancer development processes <em>in vivo</em> offer opportunities to understand cancer biology and discover new therapeutic strategies. In this context, zebrafish is a model that has been widely applied in the study of human diseases, such as cancer. However, the long-term immunosuppression of these adult zebrafish is still under study as a xenograft animal model for human cancer. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of 21 days of (long-term) exposure of dexamethasone in zebrafish-transplanted with MGSO-3 cells, human breast tumor cell line. Our results show that the animals, while kept on dexamethasone treatment, remained with a 50% reduction in the number of peripheral lymphocytes. <em>In vitro</em> data demonstrated that up to 7 days of dexamethasone treatment did not alter the morphology, proliferation, or viability of MGSO-3 cells. The animals that received a prolonged dexamethasone treatment allowed the engraftment of tumor cells in 100% of the zebrafish tested. These animals also showed tumor progression over 21 days. The experimental group that received only previous exposure to dexamethasone had their tumors regressed after 14 days. In conclusion, the prolonged use of dexamethasone in zebrafish showed a potential strategy for <em>in vivo</em> monitoring of xenograft tumor growth for development studies, as well as in anticancer drug discovery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40492409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of two highly homologous lysozymes from red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii","authors":"Yin Cheng-Ming ,&nbsp;Li Ning-Qiu ,&nbsp;Ren Li-Chao ,&nbsp;Wang Zhe ,&nbsp;Chai Lian-Qin ,&nbsp;Lan Jiang-Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lysozyme is an important immune effector in innate immunity against pathogen infection. But the study on the active region of lysozyme is limited. In this study, two highly homologous lysozymes were identified from crayfish (designated as PcLysi4 and PcLysi5). The molecular structures of PcLysi4 and PcLysi5 were predicted by SWISS-MODEL with the structure of lysozyme (PDB accession No. 4PJ2.2.B) as model. The results suggested that the structure of PcLysi4 and PcLysi5 were highly similar, but there were more α-helices at positions (127–139) and longer β-sheet at positions (49–57) in the structure of PcLysi5 than in that of PcLysi4. The antibacterial and antiviral functions of the two lysozymes were investigated. PcLysi4 and PcLysi5 could promote the bacterial clearance ability of crayfish, and increase the survival rate of <em>Vibrio</em>-infected crayfish. Further study showed that PcLysi5 inhibited WSSV replication, and enhanced the survival rate of WSSV-infected crayfish. There was no evidence that PcLysi4 has an influence on WSSV replication. Furthermore, PcLysi5 was detected to interact with envelope protein VP24 of WSSV. Our results would provide a new reference for the study on active region of lysozyme.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91728851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and functional analysis of tandem threonine containing C-type lectin (Thr-Lec) from the ridgetail white prawn Exopalaemon carinicauda","authors":"Huang Xin ,&nbsp;Li Guanjie ,&nbsp;Liu Beixiang ,&nbsp;Zhou Chengxiang ,&nbsp;Wang Hongyu ,&nbsp;Qin Wei ,&nbsp;Jiang Zuosheng ,&nbsp;Wan Xihe ,&nbsp;Ren Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As an important pattern-recognition receptor (PRR), C-type lectins (CTLs) play significant roles in recognizing microbes and battle against pathogenic microorganism in innate immunity. In this study, two tandem threonine containing CTLs (designated as <em>EcThr-LecA</em> and <em>EcThr-LecB</em>) were identified from <em>Exopalaemon carinicauda</em>. The full-length cDNA of <em>EcThr-LecA</em> and <em>EcThr-LecB</em> consisted of 1521 and 1518 bp with 1251 and 1242 bp open reading frame encoding a protein with 412 and 413 amino acids, respectively. The genome structure of <em>EcThr-LecA</em> included 10 exons and 9 introns, and the sequences of intron6 and intron7 were variable. The nucleotide sequence of intron2 in <em>EcThr-LecB</em> was specific and different with that of <em>EcThr-LecA</em>. EcThr-LecA and EcThr-LecB proteins were predicted to have a signal peptide, two conserved carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and tandem threonine region. The expression levels of <em>EcThr-LecA</em> and <em>EcThr-LecB</em> in the intestine were significantly up-regulated after <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em> and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to explore the effects of <em>EcThr-LecB</em> silencing on the mRNA expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF), crustin (CRU), and lysozyme (LYSO). Knock down of <em>EcThr-LecB</em> could evidently down-regulate the expression of eight different antibacterial peptides (AMPs), including <em>EcALF2, EcCRU1, EcCRU3, EcCRU4, EcLYSO1, EcLYSO2, EcLYSO3</em>, and <em>EcLYSO4</em>, whereas make no effect on the transcription of <em>EcALF1, EcALF3, EcCRU2</em>, and <em>EcLYSO</em>5. The recombinant two CRD domains and tandem threonine region (RLecB) of EcThr-LecB could bind diverse bacteria, lipopolysaccharide, and peptidoglycans <em>in vitro</em>. In addition, RLecB could accelerate the clearance of <em>V. parahaemolyticus in vivo</em>. The present data indicated that new-found tandem threonine containing CTLs in <em>E. carinicauda</em> may act as PRR to participate in the innate immune defense against pathogens by the recognition of non-self, regulation of AMPs, and clearance of invaders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91728856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different expression pattern of thrombospondin gene in the presence and absence of β-glucan fed Penaeus monodon challenged with white spot syndrome virus","authors":"Moger Rajeish ,&nbsp;Mundanda Muthappa Dechamma ,&nbsp;Madhu K. Mani ,&nbsp;Praveen Rai ,&nbsp;Iddya Karunasagar ,&nbsp;Peter Bossier ,&nbsp;Indrani Karunasagar ,&nbsp;Biswajit Maiti","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thrombospondins (TSPs) are extracellular, calcium-binding glycoproteins that play an essential role in cell homeostasis and development, wound-healing, angiogenesis, connective tissue organization, immune response etc. and it conserves from sea sponges to mammals. However, their role in shrimp immunity is poorly understood. In the present study, the differential expression profiling of TSP transcripts in <em>Penaeus monodon</em> tissues such as gills, lymphoid organs, hepatopancreas, and hemolymph challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), were studied by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, shrimps fed with the immunostimulant (β-glucan) when challenged with WSSV showed significant upregulation of TSP expression in gills, hepatopancreas, and lymphoid organ at the early phase of WSSV infection. The results suggest that TSP may be an inducible acute phase response protein to WSSV infection. The possibility of differences in mRNA expression pattern seen in immunostimmulated shrimp after the viral challenge, possibility due to altered immune mechanisms getting triggered during immunostimulant administration and virus infections in the host.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40702904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and functional characterization of a systemic RNA interference defective 1 gene in Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Bin-Bin Li ,&nbsp;Jin-Quan Fan ,&nbsp;Ke-Cheng Lu ,&nbsp;Guo-Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Yi-Hong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>RNA interference (RNAi) is a conservative and important functional pathway in eukaryocyte. It regulates the expression of genes that are engaged in a variety of cellular physiological functions. Among the functions of RNAi, its antiviral function have attracted many attentions.The RNAi pathway molecules are able to recognize virus-related dsRNA and degrade it, therefore killing the virus. More importantly, RNAi could mediate systemic antiviral responses, transmit from cell to cell, and systemic RNA interference defective 1 (SID1) was thought to play an important role in this process. In the present study, a <em>SID1</em> gene (<em>LvSID1</em>) of <em>Litopenaeus vannamei</em> was cloned. LvSID1 could locate to both plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Result of real-time RT-PCR assay showed that it was highly expressed in shrimp gills. Besides, it was shown that over-expressed LvSID1 in Sf9 cells could significant enchane RNAi efficiency. It was found that the expression of LvSID1was regulated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and knockdown expression of <em>LvSID1</em> increased the cumulative mortality of WSSV infection shrimp. These results suggested that LvSID1 likely to played a role in L. <em>vannamei</em> systemic RNAi, and was involved in WSSV resistence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667011921000281/pdfft?md5=80223fc452951bc21f9e632fa26ea164&pid=1-s2.0-S2667011921000281-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91728661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of parenteral endotoxin administration on the immuno-haematological responses of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis","authors":"S.K. Nayak,&nbsp;N. Jahan,&nbsp;S. Pattnaik","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Endotoxin, the outer cell wall membrane lipopolysaccharide component of the Gram-negative bacteria is a factor responsible for a number of complications/disorders and plays important role in the associated with pathophysiological complications and pathogenesis of many diseases in animals. Unlike higher animals which are extremely sensitive to endotoxin, fish are found to be resistant to endotoxic shock and earlier studies though limited have demonstrated the patho-physiological, immuno-endocrinological and immuno-neurological effects of LPS/endotoxin in aquatic animals including fish. Herein in the present investigation, the effect of pure endotoxin on immuno-haematological parameters of stinging catfish<em>, Heteropneustes fossilis</em> ranging from 50–60 g was studied by intraperitoneally injecting 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 mg endotoxin per fish. <em>H. fossilis</em> yearlings were found to resist the endotoxin concentration up to 0.1 mg without any mortality. While, no change in immune parameters was recorded in stinging catfish injected with low dose of endotoxin (0.01 mg), most of the immune parameters were found to be significantly elevated in catfish injected with 0.05 mg endotoxin. Different serum and immune parameters like protein, globulin, lysozyme, respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activity, natural agglutination titre were found to be significantly high (p &lt; 0.01) at a dose of 0.05 mg endotoxin per fish. On the contrary, most of these parameters were decreased at high dose <em>i.e.,</em> 0.1 mg endotoxin per fish, thereby indicating the immuno-suppressive effect of the endotoxin. The findings of the modulation of innate immunity also corroborated with the results of <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> pathogen challenge study with highest percent of mortality in group injected with 0.1 mg endotoxin per fish and least percentage in group injected with 0.05 mg endotoxin per fish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91728855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic Zado® (Ruminococcus Flavefaciens) boosts hematology, immune, serum proteins, and growth profiles in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","authors":"Mohamed Abdel Gayed ,&nbsp;Hiam Elabd ,&nbsp;Mohamed Tageldin ,&nbsp;Amany Abbass","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Probiotics application in aquaculture could be a key solution to enhance the overall immune and growth indicators of cultured fish. Several bacteria have demonstrated encouraging results as probiotics for fish. The current study evaluated the possible effects of Zado® (<em>Ruminococcus Flavefaciens</em> 28 × 10⁴ CFU) dietary incorporation at 1 and 2 g/kg diet for 6-weeks on growth, hematological profile, immune performance, the biochemical, and anti-oxidative profiles of <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>. Sampling was performed at the end of the third and sixth week. Fish fed with Zado® enriched diets showed (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) significantly improved hematologic (MCHC, MCH, MCV, and PCV and RBCs count) and leukocytic readings (WBCs, monocytes and lymphocytes). The immune (phagocytosis, lysozyme U/ml, and nitric oxide pmol/ml) parameters were (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) markedly increased in Zado® incorporated groups. Biochemical parameters (globulin, albumin and total proteins; AST and ALT) levels showed significant (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) improvement at three and six weeks in Zado® groups. Serum glucose concentration was significantly higher in Zado® groups at three weeks, while was only higher for 2 g/kg Zado® at six weeks. Also, cortisol level was lower in both Zado® groups at three weeks, while was only lower for 1 g/kg Zado® at six weeks. In addition, antioxidants Gpx, SOD, and CAT were (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) significantly higher in Zado® treatments, while pro-oxidant MDA was (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) significantly decreased. Moreover, growth performance was also (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) markedly boosted in Zado® incorporated groups compared to the control. Conclusively, our results demonstrated that Zado® probiotic is a safe alternative for <em>O. niloticus</em> with beneficial effects on hematological parameters, immune, biochemical, antioxidants, and growth profiles.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91728857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and functional analysis of hybrid pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀) complement C3 against Cryptocaryon irritans infection","authors":"Zequan Mo ,&nbsp;Biao Jiang ,&nbsp;Xueli Lai ,&nbsp;Huicheng Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaochun Luo ,&nbsp;Xueming Dan ,&nbsp;Yanwei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pearl gentian grouper is a new aquacultural hybrid resulted from breeding of female tiger grouper (<em>Epinephelus fuscogutattus</em>) and male giant grouper (<em>E. lanceolatus</em>). Our preliminary study found that pearl gentian grouper exhibits less susceptible to the primary infection of <em>Cryptocaryon irritans</em>, which is an important parasitic ciliate in marine aquaculture, indicated that pearl gentian grouper might own a strong innate immune system. Complement system play key roles in innate immunity, whether pearl gentian grouper's complement component contribute for the defensing against the <em>C. irritans</em> infection remain unclear. In the present study, we found that <em>C. irritans</em> can be immobilized by untreated serum but not heat-treated serum from pearl gentian grouper, suggested that the heat-labile components in serum are responsible for the immobilization of <em>C. irritans</em>. Moreover, we cloned and characterized the encoding sequence of pearl gentian grouper complement C3 (PGC3), a key component in complement system. We also found that the expression level of PGC3 was increased in infected grouper serum when compared with that of control grouper. Furthermore, the binding of PGC3 on the surface of <em>C. irritans</em> trophonts located on the grouper skin was detected. These data suggested that pearl gentian grouper's complement system indeed play roles in the immune response against the <em>C. irritans</em> infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b2/83/main.PMC9680070.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40481954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}