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Penile implant surgery-managing complications. 阴茎植入手术-并发症管理。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-09-24 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-73
Axel Alberto Cayetano-Alcaraz, Musaab Yassin, Ankit Desai, Tharu Tharakan, Georgios Tsampoukas, Martina Zurli, Suks Minhas
{"title":"Penile implant surgery-managing complications.","authors":"Axel Alberto Cayetano-Alcaraz,&nbsp;Musaab Yassin,&nbsp;Ankit Desai,&nbsp;Tharu Tharakan,&nbsp;Georgios Tsampoukas,&nbsp;Martina Zurli,&nbsp;Suks Minhas","doi":"10.12703/r/10-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/10-73","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Penile prosthesis surgery represents the end-stage treatment for erectile dysfunction. It is conventionally used only in cases of erectile dysfunction refractory to pharmacological treatments or vacuum constriction devices. Contemporary literature suggests that penile prothesis surgery is associated with a high satisfaction rate and a low complication profile. However, it must be appreciated that the complications of surgery can have devastating consequences on a patient's quality of life and satisfaction and include infection, prosthesis malfunction, penile corporal perforation and penile length loss. Several factors - such as appropriate patient selection, methodical preoperative assessment and patient optimization, specific intraoperative protocols and postoperative recommendations - can reduce the risk of surgical complications. This narrative review discusses the diagnosis and management of both intraoperative and postoperative complications of penile prosthesis surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39506850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Recent advances in understanding the role of proteostasis. 了解蛋白稳态作用的最新进展。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-09-15 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-72
Kanika Verma, Monika Verma, Aseem Chaphalkar, Kausik Chakraborty
{"title":"Recent advances in understanding the role of proteostasis.","authors":"Kanika Verma, Monika Verma, Aseem Chaphalkar, Kausik Chakraborty","doi":"10.12703/r/10-72","DOIUrl":"10.12703/r/10-72","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maintenance of a functional proteome is achieved through the mechanism of proteostasis that involves precise coordination between molecular machineries assisting a protein from its conception to demise. Although each organelle within a cell has its own set of proteostasis machinery, inter-organellar communication and cell non-autonomous signaling bring forth the multidimensional nature of the proteostasis network. Exposure to extrinsic and intrinsic stressors can challenge the proteostasis network, leading to the accumulation of aberrant proteins or a decline in the proteostasis components, as seen during aging and in several diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of proteostasis and its regulation in aging and disease, including monogenetic and infectious diseases. We highlight some of the emerging as well as unresolved questions in proteostasis that need to be addressed to overcome pathologies associated with damaged proteins and to promote healthy aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39506849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recent progress on Tourette syndrome. 妥瑞特综合症的最新进展。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-09-07 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-70
Keisuke Ueda, Kevin J Black
{"title":"Recent progress on Tourette syndrome.","authors":"Keisuke Ueda,&nbsp;Kevin J Black","doi":"10.12703/r/10-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/10-70","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome are the most common movement disorders in children and are characterized by movements or vocalizations. Clinically, Tourette syndrome is frequently associated with comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Although dysfunction of cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits with aberrant neurotransmitter function has been considered the proximate cause of tics, the mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Recently, many studies have been conducted to elucidate the epidemiology, clinical course, comorbid symptoms, and pathophysiology of tic disorders by using laboratory studies, neuroimaging, electrophysiological testing, environmental exposure, and genetic testing. In addition, many researchers have focused on treatment for tics, including behavioral therapy, pharmacological treatment, and surgical treatment. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress on Tourette syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8442002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39443732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Recent advances in understanding the role of IL-4 signaling. IL-4信号作用的最新研究进展。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-09-07 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-71
Achsah D Keegan, Warren J Leonard, Jinfang Zhu
{"title":"Recent advances in understanding the role of IL-4 signaling.","authors":"Achsah D Keegan,&nbsp;Warren J Leonard,&nbsp;Jinfang Zhu","doi":"10.12703/r/10-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/10-71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells, but this cytokine acts on more than a dozen different target cells spanning the innate and adaptive immune systems and is produced by multiple different cellular sources. While IL-4 was discovered just under 40 years ago in 1982, the interest in and discoveries related to this cytokine continue to markedly expand. There are important new advances related to its biological actions and to its mechanisms of signaling, including critical genes and downstream targets in a range of cell types. IL-4 is critical not only for careful control of immunoglobulin production but also related to inflammation, fibrosis, allergic reactions, and antitumor activity, with actions of IL-4 occurring through two different types of receptors, one of which is also used by IL-13, a closely related cytokine with partially overlapping actions. In this review, we cover critical older information but also highlight newer advances. An area of evolving interest relates to the therapeutic blockade of IL-4 signaling pathway to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, this cytokine is historically important, and research in this area has both elucidated major biological pathways and led to therapeutic advances for diseases that affect millions of individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8442009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39443735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
Microglia and astrocyte responses to neuropathogenic protozoan parasites. 小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞对神经致病性原生动物寄生虫的反应。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-09-03 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-69
Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi, George S Yap
{"title":"Microglia and astrocyte responses to neuropathogenic protozoan parasites.","authors":"Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi,&nbsp;George S Yap","doi":"10.12703/r/10-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/10-69","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebral toxoplasmosis and cerebral malaria are two important neurological diseases caused by protozoan parasites. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the innate immune responses of microglia and astrocytes to <i>Toxoplasma</i> and <i>Plasmodium</i> infection. In both infections, these tissue-resident glial cells perform a sentinel function mediated by alarmin crosstalk that licenses adaptive type 1 immunity in the central nervous system. Divergent protective or pathogenic effects of type 1 activation of these astrocytes and microglia are revealed depending on the inherent lytic potential of the protozoan parasite.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8441994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39443731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Role of β1 integrin in thrombocytopoiesis. β1整合素在血小板生成中的作用。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-09-01 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-68
Maria Mazzarini, Paola Verachi, Fabrizio Martelli, Anna Rita Migliaccio
{"title":"Role of β1 integrin in thrombocytopoiesis.","authors":"Maria Mazzarini,&nbsp;Paola Verachi,&nbsp;Fabrizio Martelli,&nbsp;Anna Rita Migliaccio","doi":"10.12703/r/10-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r/10-68","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thrombocytopoiesis is a complex process beginning at the level of hematopoietic stem cells, which ultimately generate megakaryocytes, large marrow cells with a distinctive morphology, and then, through a process of terminal maturation, megakaryocytes shed thousands of platelets into the circulation. This process is controlled by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Emerging data indicate that an important intrinsic control on the late stages of thrombopoiesis is exerted by integrins, a family of transmembrane receptors composed of one α and one β subunit. One β subunit expressed by megakaryocytes is the β1 integrin, the role of which in the regulation of platelet formation is beginning to be clarified. Here, we review recent data indicating that activation of β1 integrin by outside-in and inside-out signaling regulates the interaction of megakaryocytes with the endosteal niche, which triggers their maturation, while its inactivation by galactosylation determines the migration of these cells to the perivascular niche, where they complete their terminal maturation and release platelets in the bloodstream. Furthermore, β1 integrin mediates the activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a protein produced by megakaryocytes that may act in an autocrine fashion to halt their maturation and affect the composition of their surrounding extracellular matrix. These findings suggest that β1 integrin could be a therapeutic target for inherited and acquired disorders of platelet production.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8442001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39444379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Recent advances in testicular germ cell tumours. 睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤的最新进展。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-08-31 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-67
Teresa Mele, Alison Reid, Robert Huddart
{"title":"Recent advances in testicular germ cell tumours.","authors":"Teresa Mele,&nbsp;Alison Reid,&nbsp;Robert Huddart","doi":"10.12703/r/10-67","DOIUrl":"10.12703/r/10-67","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common solid tumours in young men and have an excellent overall cure rate and prognosis. In most patients, localised disease is cured by surgery alone, and a minority of patients receive short-course adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the risk of further relapse. Also, in about 80% of patients, metastatic disease can be cured by systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Unfortunately, for a proportion of patients, the disease exhibits platinum resistance and relapse occurs. Despite further lines of systemic treatment, cure can be difficult to achieve in these patients and ultimately about 20% of them will die from disease progression. Addressing the mechanisms underpinning platinum resistance is critical to improving the survival and chances of cure for these patients. This review describes the latest advances in TGCT research, focusing on the identification of novel biomarkers, genetic characteristics and exploring novel treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8441995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39444378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Recent advances in understanding and combatting Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a genomic perspective. 了解和抗击淋病奈瑟菌的最新进展：基因组视角。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-08-27 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-65
Odile B Harrison, Martin Cj Maiden
{"title":"Recent advances in understanding and combatting <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>: a genomic perspective.","authors":"Odile B Harrison, Martin Cj Maiden","doi":"10.12703/r/10-65","DOIUrl":"10.12703/r/10-65","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhoea remains a major global public health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 87 million new cases in individuals who were 15 to 49 years of age occurred in 2016. The growing number of gonorrhoea cases is concerning given the rise in gonococci developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, a global action plan is needed to facilitate surveillance. Indeed, the WHO has made surveillance leading to the elimination of STIs (including gonorrhoea) a global health priority. The availability of whole genome sequence data offers new opportunities to combat gonorrhoea. This can be through (i) enhanced surveillance of the global prevalence of AMR, (ii) improved understanding of the population biology of the gonococcus, and (iii) opportunities to mine sequence data in the search for vaccine candidates. Here, we review the current status in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> genomics. In particular, we explore how genomics continues to advance our understanding of this complex pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8442004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39444377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The X chromosome from telomere to telomere: key achievements and future opportunities. 从端粒到端粒的X染色体:主要成就和未来机遇。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-07-30 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-000001
Edith Heard, Alexander D Johnson, Jan O Korbel, Charles Lee, Michael P Snyder, David Sturgill
{"title":"The X chromosome from telomere to telomere: key achievements and future opportunities.","authors":"Edith Heard,&nbsp;Alexander D Johnson,&nbsp;Jan O Korbel,&nbsp;Charles Lee,&nbsp;Michael P Snyder,&nbsp;David Sturgill","doi":"10.12703/r-01-000001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-000001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the human genome represents the most accurate vertebrate reference assembly to date, it still contains numerous gaps, including centromeric and other large repeat-containing regions - often termed the \"dark side\" of the genome - many of which are of fundamental biological importance. Miga <i>et al</i>.<sup>1,2</sup> present the first gapless assembly of the human X chromosome, with the help of ultra-long-read nanopore reads generated for the haploid complete hydatidiform mole (CHM13) genome. They reconstruct the ~3.1 megabase centromeric satellite DNA array and map DNA methylation patterns across complex tandem repeats and satellite arrays. This Telomere-to-Telomere assembly provides a superior human X chromosome reference enabling future sex-determination and X-linked disease research, and provides a path towards finishing the entire human genome sequence.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8753988/pdf/facrev-10-63.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39866093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A resolution record for cryoEM. 低温电镜的分辨率记录。
Faculty reviews Pub Date : 2021-07-30 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.12703/r-01-000002
Jonathan Ashmore, Bridget Carragher, Peter B Rosenthal, William Weis
{"title":"A resolution record for cryoEM.","authors":"Jonathan Ashmore,&nbsp;Bridget Carragher,&nbsp;Peter B Rosenthal,&nbsp;William Weis","doi":"10.12703/r-01-000002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12703/r-01-000002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM) is a fast-growing technique for structure determination. Two recent papers report the first atomic resolution structure of a protein obtained by averaging images of frozen-hydrated biomolecules. They both describe maps of symmetric apoferritin assemblies, a common test specimen, in unprecedented detail. New instrument improvements, different in the two studies, have contributed better images, and image analysis can extract structural information sufficient to resolve individual atomic positions. While true atomic resolution maps will not be routine for most proteins, the studies suggest structures determined by cryoEM will continue to improve, increasing their impact on biology and medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":73016,"journal":{"name":"Faculty reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8753989/pdf/facrev-10-64.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39866543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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