F&S reviews最新文献

{"title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and the forgotten uterus","authors":"Pardis Hosseinzadeh M.D. ,&nbsp;Maya Barsky M.D. ,&nbsp;William E. Gibbons M.D. ,&nbsp;Chellakkan S. Blesson M.Phil., Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To review the features of endometrial and uterine aberrations in women with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).</p></div><div><h3>Evidence Review</h3><p>PCOS is a common disorder that affects various facets of fertility. Although the ovarian and metabolic aspects of the disease have been well studied, its role in uterine dysfunction is not well understood. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library databases for papers published in English up to March 2020. The following key words were used for the search, alone or in combination: polycystic ovary syndrome, poly cystic ovarian disease<span><span>, polycystic ovaries, PCOS, PCOD, PCO, PCOM, oligoovulation, anovulation, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and </span>hyperandrogenism<span><span><span>, and this was combined with terms such as endometrium, infertility, uterus, </span>progesterone resistance, </span>endometrial hyperplasia<span>, pregnancy outcomes, and preterm delivery.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Result of a comprehensive review show that PCOS affects uterus and leads to various pathologies. Although reported anecdotally in various literature, systematic hypothesis driven investigations are needed to clearly understand the uterine dysfunction.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In this review, we highlight various uterine pathologies that are associated with PCOS and explore its impact on fertility. We also discuss key uterine molecular pathways that are altered in PCOS that may be related to infertility, endometrial hyperplasia, and cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73011,"journal":{"name":"F&S reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39336059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sperm morphology and its disorders in the context of infertility","authors":"Sergio Oehninger M.D., Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Thinus F. Kruger M.D., D.Sc.","doi":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This manuscript reviews sperm morphology and its disorders in the context of infertility. A new look into an old challenge is delivered, based on contemporary scientific and clinical evidence. We highlight the functional repercussions of sperm morphology aberrations and dissect the cause and effect of a variety of insults and pathogenic mechanisms focusing on the relationships among sperm shape, function, and compartmental analysis of cellular and subcellular structures. Different types of teratozoospermia<span><span> are identified as a sequela of aberrant </span>spermiogenesis<span>, and their proven or speculated origins are discussed. In addition to known and suspected genetic causes, oxidative damage is highlighted as a major plausible pathogenic factor. The examination of sperm morphology with the use of strict criteria provides valuable information to guide the clinician to direct therapeutic management. We emphasize that sperm morphology is probably the most relevant parameter of the traditional semen evaluation and can be used as a valid biomarker of functional deficiencies, providing information about chances of conception. The information provided by the examination of sperm morphology as part of a complete semen analysis becomes more and more significant from a clinical point of view for infertility and perhaps men’s health.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":73011,"journal":{"name":"F&S reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 75-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"108206545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large for gestational age after frozen embryo transfer: an evaluation of the possible causes for this relationship","authors":"Rachel E. Gaume M.D. ,&nbsp;Ryan J. Heitmann D.O. ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Luizzi M.L.I.S., A.H.I.P. ,&nbsp;Bruce D. Pier M.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Frozen embryo transfer<span><span> is associated with increased fetal weight<span>, increased rates of large for gestational age (LGA) infants, and increased </span></span>macrosomia<span><span><span>, when compared with fresh embryo transfer or natural conception. Although the incidence of LGA births after frozen embryo transfer has been stable for several years, the pathological causes for these findings are not understood. The purpose of this review is to understand the state of current literature suggesting causes for this relationship, and to highlight areas in need of future research to potentially address and correct this finding. Our review addresses finding in the area with respect to alterations in </span>epigenetics, differing types of </span>embryo culture<span> media, differing days of cryopreservation, supraphysiologic estradiol levels, and with programmed versus natural cycle endometrial preparation.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":73011,"journal":{"name":"F&S reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.10.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"106752599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exogenous testosterone replacement therapy versus raising endogenous testosterone levels: current and future prospects","authors":"Kajal Khodamoradi Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Zahra Khosravizadeh Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Madhu Parmar B.S. ,&nbsp;Manish Kuchakulla B.S. ,&nbsp;Ranjith Ramasamy M.D. ,&nbsp;Himanshu Arora Ph.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Testosterone replacement<span> therapy (TRT) is an important treatment option for men with low testosterone levels and symptomatic </span></span>hypogonadism<span>. Various formulations for exogenous TRT exist, including oral, buccal, intramuscular, transdermal, subdermal, and nasal ones. However, exogenous TRT is a double-edged sword, posing risks to fertility due to negative feedback mechanisms on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which is the main regulator of testosterone production and </span></span>spermatogenesis<span> in males. Alternative pharmacologic therapies are being used to increase endogenous testosterone levels while attempting to preserve the fertility and function of the HPG axis. These include selective estrogen receptor modulators<span><span>, gonadotropins<span>, and aromatase inhibitors. This article focuses on overviewing and comparing the current methods of exogenous TRT, alternative treatments to increase endogenous testosterone levels, and novel treatments that are currently under investigation to normalize testosterone levels while preserving the function of the HPG axis. In conclusion, reports suggest that even though TRT is an important way to restore testosterone levels and reduce symptoms associated with low testosterone, it is often difficult to decide which treatment to select for patients with </span></span>testosterone deficiency. Several factors need to be considered to decide on optimal therapy option for the patient, including, but not limited to, safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, dosing flexibility, and side effects. Alternative approaches aimed at improving endogenous testosterone production and preserving fertility are promising but are still in the initial stages of development. Ultimately, patient-centered decision-making is paramount to appropriate treatment selection.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":73011,"journal":{"name":"F&S reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 32-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25391051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New perspectives on the genetic causes of diminished ovarian reserve and opportunities for genetic screening: systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Carleigh B. Nesbit D.O. ,&nbsp;Jia Huang M.D., Ph.D. ,&nbsp;Bhuchitra Singh M.D., M.P.H. ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Y. Maher M.D. ,&nbsp;Lisa M. Pastore Ph.D. ,&nbsp;James Segars M.D.","doi":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To provide an update on single-gene mutations identified as causative for pathologic diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) to inform clinical screening recommendations.</p></div><div><h3>Evidence Review</h3><p>A systematic review of the literature was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using PubMed and EMBASE databases. Only full-text articles in English were included and articles were excluded that did not relate to single-gene causes of pathologic DOR in humans. The search was supplemented using references of the included articles. Primary outcomes included prevalence ratios (PRs) for 12 genes associated with pathologic DOR.</p></div><div><h3>Result(s)</h3><p>A total of 550 articles were screened, with 108 articles included for review. Fifteen observational studies had prevalence data available for quantitative analysis. Elevated prevalence ratios were found in women with DOR for the <span><em>FMR1</em></span> premutation and <em>FMR2</em> mutations as well as single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the <span><span><em>BMP15</em><em>, </em></span><em>GDF9</em><span><em>, </em><em>FSHR</em></span></span>, and <em>NOBOX</em> genes. Although some studies have suggested an increased prevalence of <span><em>BRCA1</em></span> and <span><em>BRCA2</em></span> mutations in women with DOR, the prevalence in the controls in the included studies was elevated and PRs did not achieve statistical significance.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion(s)</h3><p>Women diagnosed with DOR are at an increased risk of carrying mutations in <em>FMR1</em>, <em>FMR2,</em> and variants in <em>BMP15, GDF9, FSHR</em>, and <em>NOBOX</em> genes. Of these, the only gene identified as having the potential to cause significant deleterious effects in offspring is the <em>FMR1</em> premutation, which supports current national screening guidelines. Further studies of <em>BRCA1</em> and <em>BRCA2</em> are needed to determine whether pathologic DOR might be associated with mutations in those genes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73011,"journal":{"name":"F&S reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"99979659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of paternal age on outcomes in assisted reproductive technology cycles: systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Guy Morris M.B.Ch.B. (Honours), M.R.C.O.G. ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Mavrelos M.D., M.R.C.O.G. ,&nbsp;Efstathios Theodorou M.R.C.O.G. ,&nbsp;Mia Campbell-Forde B.Sc., M.Sc. ,&nbsp;David Cansfield B.Sc. (Hons), M.Res. ,&nbsp;Ephia Yasmin M.D., M.R.C.O.G. ,&nbsp;Philippa Sangster M.Sc., F.R.C.S. (Urol) ,&nbsp;Wael Saab M.D., M.R.C.O.G. ,&nbsp;Paul Serhal F.R.C.O.G. ,&nbsp;Srividya Seshadri M.D., M.Sc., M.R.C.O.G.","doi":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span>To investigate whether paternal age exerts an independent effect on the clinical outcomes of </span>assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles.</p></div><div><h3>Evidence Review</h3><p>Observational studies were identified through a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and National Health Service evidence. Data for women aged ≤39 years were extracted and analyzed. We included all studies, both autologous and donor oocyte, into separate analyses of the effect of paternal age on ART outcome. We excluded studies in azoospermic men, women aged ≥40 years, ART including preimplantation genetic testing, and involving donor sperm. The included studies scored well on the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for observational studies. The primary outcome was live birth rate and secondary outcome measures were clinical pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate. When pooling data, the random-effects model was used to counter the effect of heterogeneity in the studies.</p></div><div><h3>Result(s)</h3><p>Live birth rate was reported in three autologous oocyte studies (2,926 cycles) and five donor oocyte studies (7,648 cycles). Live birth rate was found to be increased significantly when male age was &lt;40 years in autologous oocyte studies but no difference in live birth rate was found in donor oocyte studies. Clinical pregnancy rates were found to be statistically higher when the paternal age was under 40 years in autologous oocyte studies, however, there was no difference in clinical pregnancy in the same age category when donor oocyte studies were analyzed. Miscarriage rate was reported in two autologous oocyte studies (970 cycles) and four donor oocyte studies (3,741 cycles). Miscarriage was found to be more likely with male age &gt;40 years in autologous studies. In donor oocyte studies, the miscarriage rate was not increased when male age was &gt;50 years. All of the autologous oocyte studies reported a statistically significant association between male age and female age.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion(s)</h3><p>The findings of this review and meta-analysis, based on the donor oocyte model, suggest that advanced paternal age does not exert an independent effect on the outcome of ART cycles. Miscarriage rates do not appear to be increased even for men &gt;50 years of age after treatment with donor oocytes. The meta-analysis of autologous oocyte studies suggests that increasing male age may have a deleterious effect on the outcome of ART, however, this may be confounded by the strong association with increasing maternal age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73011,"journal":{"name":"F&S reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 16-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"110372936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}