Extracellular vesicle最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling exosomal biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: LC-MS-based profiling","authors":"Yue Bi ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Chunyan Li ,&nbsp;Zhiying Shan ,&nbsp;Lanrong Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, play a critical role in intercellular communication and are increasingly recognized as key players in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Their ability to carry and propagate pathogenic proteins such as amyloid-beta, tau, and alpha-synuclein have established exosomal biomarkers as both key players in disease pathology and promising indicators for early diagnosis. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for the comprehensive analysis of exosomal cargo, enabling the identification of proteins, metabolites, and other molecules associated with neurodegeneration.</div><div>This review explores the structural composition, biogenesis, and role of exosomes in the propagation of pathogenic proteins in NDs such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It highlights the potential of exosomal biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring. The foundation for LC-MS-based analyses is discussed, focusing on isolation, purification, and characterization techniques essential for reliable proteomic and metabolomic studies. The LC-MS workflow, from protein and metabolite identification to quantitative proteomics, is detailed alongside the advantages of LC-MS in uncovering exosomal biomarkers.</div><div>We delve into the application of LC-MS/MS in NDs research, showcasing its contributions to decoding disease pathology in AD, PD, and ALS by identifying specific exosomal biomarkers. Challenges such as the heterogeneity of exosome populations, variability in biofluid samples, and technical limitations in LC-MS analysis are critically examined. Finally, we discuss the future potential of LC-MS in advancing the diagnosis and treatment of NDs, emphasizing its transformative impact on biomarker discovery and personalized medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond conventional biomarkers: Emerging importance of extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease","authors":"Madison Coward-Smith ,&nbsp;Ye Zhang ,&nbsp;Chantal Donovan ,&nbsp;Richard Y. Kim ,&nbsp;Baoming Wang ,&nbsp;Razia Zakarya ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Jiao Jiao Li ,&nbsp;Brian G. Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs), initially recognized for their roles in intercellular communication, are being increasingly explored for applications in the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases, particularly those driven by chronic inflammation. This review provides insight into the defining characteristics and functions of EVs, focusing on their role in contributing to and acting as potential therapeutics for chronic inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis, metabolic disorders such as obesity and metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and ischaemic stroke. Finally, the issues limiting EV translation from bench to bedside, and the outlook of EV research are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100079"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exosomal delivery of IL-10: Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and preterm birth prevention strategies","authors":"Brinley Harrington ,&nbsp;Tilu Jain Thomas ,&nbsp;Madhuri Tatiparthy,&nbsp;Awanit Kumar,&nbsp;Lauren Richardson,&nbsp;Ramkumar Menon,&nbsp;Ananth Kumar Kammala","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with interleukin-10 (IL-10) to reduce infection-induced preterm birth (PTB). IL-10 has shown promise in reducing PTB by dampening inflammatory responses, but challenges exist with intraamniotic administration. The study evaluates IL-10 gene-transfected cell-produced EVs containing IL-10 (tIL-10), comparing them with recombinant IL-10 (rIL-10) and rIL-10 incorporated in EVs via electroporation (eIL-10). Characterization of tIL-10 includes size, shape, and molecular markers. Functional assays demonstrate tIL-10's ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production and extend half-life, with biodistribution in maternal and fetal tissues. The study findings indicate that tIL-10 displays an average size of 108.7 ± 20.5 nm, round with a diameter of ∼0.12 μm, and expresses EV markers CD9 and CD81, containing IL-10 cargo. In vitro, LPS stimulation demonstrates that tIL-10 significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 from maternal decidual cells. Biodistribution studies reveal tIL-10 presence in placental and fetal membranes within 5 min, persisting for up to 3 h. Pharmacokinetic studies using non-compartmental analysis of plasma data, and the linear trapezoidal method establish key pharmacologic parameters for each drug. Pharmacological findings establish eIL-10 and tIL-10's ability to significantly delay PTB onset after E. coli exposure. These findings underscore the potential of tIL-10 as an effective therapeutic agent for PTB, with implications for clinical practice and further research in reproductive pharmacology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of robust and abundant reference transcripts for EV mRNA cargo normalization","authors":"Antje M. Zickler ,&nbsp;Radosław Grochowski ,&nbsp;André Görgens ,&nbsp;Erik Bäcklin ,&nbsp;Maximilian Kordes ,&nbsp;J.-Matthias Löhr ,&nbsp;Joel Z. Nordin ,&nbsp;Samir EL Andaloussi ,&nbsp;Daniel W. Hagey","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been investigated intensively because of their potential as biomarkers of disease and their versatility as bioengineered therapeutic nanoparticles. EVs carry diverse biomolecular cargo, but absolute quantification has been challenging due to a lack of established molecular standards. Reliable identification of these has proven difficult owing to a scarcity of standardized global data sets spanning the heterogeneity of EV subtypes and cell sources. To identify reference messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, we analyze oligo-dT primed RNA-sequencing data from EVs originating from twelve different cell sources isolated using differential centrifugation followed by ultrafiltration. We identify 11 transcripts that are shared amongst the 50 most abundant in EVs from all of these cell sources. Following RT-PCR and deeper sequencing analysis, five transcripts warranted further investigation as molecular standards: TMSB4X, ACTB, GAPDH, VIM, and FTL. As such, we subjected the RT-qPCR results from two independent oligo-dT cDNA synthesis methods to stability assessment using the RefFinder analysis tool, conducted a proof-of-concept normalization on the levels of the variably expressed gene RAB13 and compared quantification of engineered mRNA loading with that of digital PCR. We confirmed the EV association of reference transcripts with EVs by performing gradient centrifugation followed by RT-qPCR and full-length mRNA analysis. To judge the applicability of these genes as reference transcripts for biomarker studies, we performed RNA-sequencing on EVs isolated from plasma by differential ultracentrifugation, and four other minimally processed biofluids. These findings confirm the applicability of these genes as molecular standards for EV-mRNA analysis and will aid in the standardization of EV research by establishing molecular reference genes that can be employed in diverse contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and assessment of an integrated workflow for the isolation and proteomic analysis of small urinary extracellular vesicles (suEVs)","authors":"Yilan Hu ,&nbsp;Jifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Qing ,&nbsp;Tanxi Cai ,&nbsp;Lili Niu ,&nbsp;Xiang Ding ,&nbsp;Zhensheng Xie ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Guo ,&nbsp;Xiulan Chen ,&nbsp;Fuquan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small urinary extracellular vesicles (suEVs) are 50–200 nm membrane-delimited vesicles secreted mainly by urothelial cells. suEVs have become a promising non-invasive source of biomarkers for urinary diseases. However, suEV proteomic studies are limited due to the low concentration of EVs in urine samples and poor proteomic coverage caused by high abundant uromodulin. In this study, we compared four methods for suEV isolation, including ultracentrifugation (UC), ultracentrifugation with DTT treatment (DTT + UC), filtration and ultracentrifugation (F + UC), and filtration and ultrafiltration (F + UF). We evaluated their recovery, EV purity, and proteomic coverage using multiple techniques. The combination of filtration and ultracentrifugation (F + UC) showed the best performance with efficient removal of uromodulin fibers and successful in-depth proteome identification. Furthermore, we performed a deep-going proteomic analysis and characterized suEV subsets purified by the four methods. Lastly, we developed a statistical approach to evaluate universal suEV proteins, independent of the isolation techniques used, by calculating the correlation between protein abundance and sample purity. This study provided an integrated workflow for the isolation and proteomic analysis of suEVs, which could facilitate clinical biomarker discovery and diagnosis in urology disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in immune modulation, angiogenesis, progression and therapeutic resistance of glioblastoma","authors":"Muhammad Izhar,&nbsp;Ahed H. Kattaa,&nbsp;Amirhossein Akhavan-Sigari,&nbsp;Elaheh Shaghaghian,&nbsp;Yusuke S. Hori,&nbsp;Fred C. Lam,&nbsp;Deyaaldeen AbuReesh,&nbsp;Sara C. Emrich,&nbsp;Louisa Ustrzynski,&nbsp;Armine Tayag,&nbsp;Steven D. Chang,&nbsp;David J. Park","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis and high recurrence rates despite advancements in treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM is very complex and includes various cell types, such as immune cells, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia. The TME plays a crucial role in the development of GBM and its resistance to therapy. One important part of the TME is extracellular vesicles (EVs), which help cells communicate and contribute to different aspects of GBM progression. They help the tumor grow and spread by increasing cellular proliferation, invasion, and survival. They also play a key role in angiogenesis by transferring pro-angiogenic factors to endothelial cells, which help form new blood vessels that provide the tumor with essential nutrients and oxygen. Within the context of immune modulation, EVs derived from GBM cells contain immunosuppressive molecules that alter the function of immune cells in the TME, enabling the tumor to escape immune surveillance. This immunosuppressive environment is marked by elevated levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Furthermore, EVs contribute to therapeutic resistance by transferring drug-resistance factors from resistant to sensitive tumor cells, enhancing their capacity to withstand chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The RNA cargo of EVs, which includes microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, plays a crucial role in modulating gene expression and cellular responses to treatment. In conclusion, EVs are vital in the development and progression of GBM by influencing angiogenesis, immune modulation, and therapeutic resistance. Targeting EV-mediated communication presents a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing the challenges posed by this deadly brain tumor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo trafficking of cancer-derived exosomes and their role in metastasis","authors":"Shih-Yen Wei ,&nbsp;Sarah E. Shelton ,&nbsp;Ying-Chieh Chen ,&nbsp;Ke Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer metastasis is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. This process is driven by a combination of biological processes including invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, and colonization of distant organs, among which cancer cell-derived exosomes facilitate metastasis through their enriched oncogenic miRNAs and lncRNAs to enhance cancer cell migration and invasion, promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in recipient cells, help cancer cells evade immune detection, and alter the microenvironment to promote the formation of a pre-metastatic niche. While the role of cancer exosomes in various metastatic processes has been extensively studied, the exosomal trafficking of cancer cell-derived exosomes has not been thoroughly reviewed. This review describes the dynamics between cancer cell-derived exosomes and various cellular components in blood and lymph circulation during cancer metastasis. Additionally, we emphasize the role of cancer exosomes in establishing pre-metastatic niches and in promoting metastasis to secondary sites. By offering a thorough review of exosome trafficking in cancer metastasis, this review may potentially help the future identification of treatment targets for metastasis inhibition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Packaging of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody into small extracellular vesicles","authors":"Junxin Mai ,&nbsp;Yuanmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Liang ,&nbsp;Wei Xu ,&nbsp;Qian Shao ,&nbsp;Jingwen Peng ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Yuting Shentu ,&nbsp;Zixin Chen ,&nbsp;Juling Ji ,&nbsp;Yuhua Ji ,&nbsp;Qiuling Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), are nano-sized membranous particles shed by almost all cell types. Both play significant roles in cellular communication by transferring proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites to recipient cells and impact a broad range of pathophysiological processes, whereby they hold great promise in clinical application as therapeutic cargo carriers. Previous studies have shown that the membrane antibodies on exosomes derived from primary B cells, B cell lines, and hybridoma can present antigen-induced T cell responses. However, whether secretory antibodies can be released by sEVs and play a biological role has been unclear. Antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2 antibody) is a humanized monoclonal IgG antibody. In this study, by using a CHO cell line expressing recombinant anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (CHO-HER2), we demonstrated the packaging of the intact HER2 antibodies in the sEVs (sEVs-HER2), and the involvement of endocytosis in their anti-proliferation effects on the BT474 cells, a HER2-overexpressing cell line. Further unbiased proteomic analysis showed that the heavy and light chains of IgG were the most abundant sEVs proteins and revealed that besides endosomal and lysosomes proteins, the proteins involved in the Golgi apparatus were significantly enriched in sEVs-HER2. Brefeldin A (BFA), a potent inhibitor of protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus, significantly suppressed the titer of anti-HER2 antibody in both supernatant and sEVs-HER2. Moreover, the HER2 antibodies in the sEVs could be significantly suppressed by Tipifarnib and Y27632, inhibitors targeting exosomes and MV biogenesis/release, respectively. This study demonstrated that the secretory HER2 antibody could be packaged into sEVs and maintain its anti-proliferation activity. Moreover, this study suggested that the HER2 antibodies could be packaged in both exosomes and MVs and the involvement of the Golgi pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles in inflammatory diseases","authors":"Xiaojian Huang ,&nbsp;Shen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extracellular vesicles are spherical lipid bilayer vesicles composed of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids that could deliver signaling molecules into target cells to regulate their function and biological processes. Recently, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in inflammatory diseases by migrating the inflammatory responses and ameliorating physiological deteriorations, as well as promoting angiogenesis and mediating immune responses. In this review, we mainly focused on the biological and molecular functions of EVs in anti-inflammatory activity and their protective roles in many kinds of inflammation diseases, including pneumonia, neuroinflammatory diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, dry eye disease, periodontitis, diabetic wounds and systemic lupus erythematosus. Furthermore, we further summarized the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of EVs in inflammatory diseases and discussed the current challenges and future perspectives of EVs in clinical applications, providing an insight into the potential of EVs as therapeutic agent for other diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143103008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering ARMMs for improved intracellular delivery of CRISPR-Cas9","authors":"Zunwei Chen,&nbsp;Qiyu Wang,&nbsp;Quan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vesic.2025.100082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing holds enormous promise for therapeutic applications, but its effectiveness is often limited by inefficient delivery methods. This study explores the potential of arrestin domain-containing protein 1 (ARRDC1)-mediated microvesicles (ARMMs)—a type of extracellular vesicles formed at the plasma membrane—as a novel platform for packaging and delivering CRISPR-Cas9 complexes. We achieved efficient Cas9 packaging into ARMMs by directly fusing Cas9 with ARRDC1. Two different ARRDC1-Cas9 fusion constructs were designed, and both demonstrated gene-editing efficiency comparable to unmodified Cas9. The fusion with a shorter version of ARRDC1 (sARRDC1), which includes only the minimal motifs required for vesicle budding, proved particularly effective in enhancing Cas9 packaging. Additionally, the incorporation of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) further improved ARMMs budding and Cas9 encapsulation. We tested gene editing in U2OS cells with an exogenous GFP gene and in human neuronal cells targeting the endogenous amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, which is associated with the Alzheimer's disease. The combination of ARMMs and VSV-G resulted in high editing efficiency, with ARMMs targeting the APP gene in neuronal cells significantly reducing pathogenic amyloid peptides. These results highlight ARMMs as a versatile and effective platform for CRISPR-Cas9 delivery, with strong potential for therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative and other genetic diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73007,"journal":{"name":"Extracellular vesicle","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100082"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}