Exploration of neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Emerging therapies of hemangioblastomas","authors":"Chaitanya Sanghadia, Melanie E. Martinez, Marisa McNulty, Eric Russ, Maxwell G. Woolridge, Dat Thanh Cao, Marko Micunovic, Jeffery Roberts, Juan Perez, Brandon Lucke-Wold","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00031","url":null,"abstract":"Hemangioblastoma are benign, vascularized cranial tumors caused by autosomal dominant inherited von Hippel-Lindau disease or can appear sporadically. This review will investigate current and emerging treatments for cerebral tumors. It will focus on the current and, more importantly, developing hemangioblastoma treatments. Surgical resectioning and radiotherapy are effective treatment options for cerebral tumors, whereas chemotherapies are not commonly used due to their limited ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Recent chemotherapies have shown promise, but further research is needed to determine the efficacy as a treatment for hemangioblastomas. New advances in brachytherapy and immunotherapy are considered promising treatment options for hemangioblastoma. This review aims to offer valuable insights into the latest developments in hemangioblastoma treatments.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139145977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychology of bipolar depression: revisiting past and present researches, prospects ahead, and moving toward future directions","authors":"Behrooz Afshari","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00032","url":null,"abstract":"Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent depression, mania, and hypomania episodes. The interaction of psychological, neuropsychological, and neurobiological factors (cognitive, behavioral, and emotional) is implicated in the development and persistence of BD. Accordingly, almost all investigators confirm that BD is the outcome of psychological and genetic interactions. Therefore, researchers should consider various factors in the psychopathology and psychotherapy of BD. This selective review first reviews research on these factors, then points to a variety of therapeutic methods for BD [interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and family-focused therapy (FFT)], and finally suggested a new comprehensive integrated model for the assessment and therapy of BD.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":" 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139142961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective compounds from three common medicinal plants of West Bengal, India: a mini review","authors":"Suvendu Ghosh, P. Singha, D. Ghosh","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00030","url":null,"abstract":"Neural disorders refer to conditions of the nervous system due to infection or degeneration of the neurons leading to either neurodegenerative disorder or neuropsychiatric disorder. Some such disorders of the nervous system include Parkinsons’s disease, depression, amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, cerebrovascular impairment, epilepsy, seizure disorders, etc. In conventional medical system, some medicines belonging to the class of psychodelic drugs, sedatives, neurotransmitters, neuro-stimulants, etc. are in extensive use. Unfortunately, most of these drugs either delay the progression of the neural disorder or leave the patient with prominent adverse side effects. Several potent bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential have been reported from medicinal plants and some of them have been found to be highly effective. Belonging from natural sources, mostly, the plant derived compounds exhibit minimum or no cytotoxicity at a prescribed standardised dose against a particular health ailment. Many such phytocompounds from plant sources with potent neuroprotective activities have been in use in Ayurvedacharya, Unani, and Chinese medicine for ages. The compounds if isolated chemically, modified to make more potent neuroprotective derivatives and utilised to make highly effective neuroprotective pharmaceutical formulations with minimum side effects, may open new revolutionary doorways in neuropharmacology. In this review, it has been briefly discussed about the neuroprotective compounds isolated from certain indigenous plants of West Bengal, India, and their mechanism of action.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"10 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139156730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventional procedures for refractory neuropathic pain","authors":"Hannah G. Matejowsky, Saurabh Kataria, Noah J. Spillers, Collyn C. O’Quin, Sonnah Barrie, S. Ahmadzadeh, Sahar Shekoohi, Alan D. Kaye","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00028","url":null,"abstract":"Neuropathic pain is an increasingly common disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Refractory pain poses a significant impact on patients’ quality of life, financial and economic stability, and social interaction. Numerous effective modalities for treatment of refractory neuropathic pain are presently available. Currently, many options provide symptomatic treatment but are associated with an unfavorable side effect profile and increased risk of addiction. The present investigation reviews current medical management for refractory neuropathic pain including the use of antidepressants, anticonvulsants, gabapentinoids and opioid therapy, as well as interventional pain procedures such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and intrathecal targeted drug delivery. While multidisciplinary management with lifestyle modification and pharmacologic regimens remains at the forefront of treating many of these patients, interventional modalities are growing in popularity and have been demonstrated to be highly efficacious. In this regard, continued understanding of the pathophysiology surrounding refractory neuropathic pain has led to the development of interventional procedures and better outcomes for patients suffering from refractory neuropathic pain. When and if patients fail conservative therapy, interventional techniques are desirable alternatives for pain management. SCS and intrathecal targeted drug delivery are important tools for the treatment of refractory neuropathic pain. In summary, treatment modalities for refractory neuropathic pain are evolving with demonstrated efficacy. This review aims to outline the efficacy of various interventional procedures for refractory neuropathic pain in comparison to traditional drug therapies.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"71 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropharmacologic modulation of the melatonergic system","authors":"Utku Aykan, Muhammed Cihan Güvel, Gokcen Paykal, Canan Uluoglu","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00029","url":null,"abstract":"The circadian rhythm is a critical system that governs an organism’s functions in alignment with the light-dark cycle. Melatonin release from the pineal gland plays a crucial role in regulating the internal clock of the body. Multiple neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system are linked to the release of melatonin. In this review, the relationship between circadian rhythm, melatonin secretion and various neurotransmitter systems are mainly discussed. Serotonin regulates the circadian rhythm through projections from raphe nuclei. Agomelatine is an example of the synergistic interaction between melatonin and serotonin. Melatonergic agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors also exert notable impacts on depression in concomitant use. Dopamine has an inhibitory effect on melatonin release, while melatonin also inhibits dopamine release. This should be taken into account when considering the use of melatonin in Parkinson’s disease. On the contrary, use of melatonin may offer therapeutic advantages for schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. The interaction between norepinephrine and melatonin exhibits diurnal variability, with norepinephrine promoting arousal and inhibiting daytime melatonin secretion. Melatonergic neurons also exert a specific protective influence on cholinergic neurons. Interaction between the histaminergic and melatonergic systems is significant, particularly in association with immunity, sleep, and circadian rhythm. Novel ligands with dual-acting properties, interacting with both the histaminergic and melatonergic systems are investigated. Currently, there is a limited number of approved melatonergic agents that primarily demonstrate positive effects in addressing insomnia and depression. However, there is considerable potential in studying new agents that target both the melatonergic and other neurotransmitter systems, which alleviate various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, dementia, autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, epilepsy, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. The ongoing process of developing and evaluating new ligands selectively targeting the melatonergic system remains crucial in understanding the complex relationship between these systems.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"11 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carotid endarterectomy compared with carotid artery stenting for extracranial carotid artery stenosis: a retrospective single-centre study","authors":"Oğuzhan Birdal, E. Calik, Ümit Arslan, Y. Koza, Uğur Kaya, A. Çolak, M. Hakan Taş","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00027","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: One of the main risk factors for an ischemic stroke is significant carotid artery stenosis, and extracranial severe carotid artery stenosis accounts for 20% of ischemic strokes. Prior to the development of carotid artery stenting (CAS), the only effective and reliable treatment for carotid artery stenosis was carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This study compares the results of CAS and CEA in patients with significant carotid artery stenosis.\u0000Methods: Between 2018 and 2022, hospital records of all patients who underwent carotid artery revascularization at the institution were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether CEA or CAS was performed for carotid revascularization. Propensity score matching was performed to reduce bias by equating the baseline clinical characteristics of the groups. To compare 30-day, 1-year, and long-term outcomes, rates of transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction, stroke, all-cause mortality, and composite endpoints were analyzed.\u0000Results: After PSM, 76 patients each in the CEA and CAS groups were compared. The mean age was 69.80 years ± 11.35 years and 121 (80%) were male. The patients were followed up for a mean of 33 months ± 6 months. The incidence of TIA in the perioperative period [9 (12%) vs. 4 (5%); P < 0.05], TIA and composite endpoint at 1-year period [11 (15%) vs. 2 (3%); P < 0.05 and 27 (36%) vs. 16 (21%); P < 0.05, respectively] were significantly higher in the CAS group than in the CEA group. No difference was observed between the groups in the long-term.\u0000Conclusions: There was no noticeable difference between the CEA and CAS groups in the examination of cases with severe carotid artery stenosis in terms of 1-month, and 1-year results (apart from TIA and composite endpoints), or long-term outcomes. Extracranial carotid artery stenosis can be treated safely and effectively also by CAS.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138972516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stigma and psychosocial problems in patients with epilepsy","authors":"Kubra Yeni","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00026","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, is characterized by chronic seizures resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Adequate medical treatment allows roughly 70% of patients to enjoy a seizure-free life. However, throughout history, epilepsy has acquired diverse interpretations due to the experienced seizures, transforming the condition from a clinical issue into a social stigma. Therefore, the aim of this review study is to review stigma and psychosocial problems in patients with epilepsy (PwE). For this reason, this study utilises sources from the last ten years and reports current data. As a result of the review, it was found that societal discrimination in PwE arises primarily from inadequate knowledge, misconceptions, and negative attitudes toward the condition. Other contributing factors were include patients’ lower levels of education and income, frequent seizures due to inadequate treatment, age at onset, duration of the disease, depressive symptoms, and lack of social support. Also, it was found that the stigma individuals with epilepsy face plays a pivotal role in exacerbating their psychosocial problems. Unfortunately, stigma and psychosocial challenges appear to be in a vicious circle, with an increase in one increasing the other. Stigmatized patients tended to isolate themselves from society, further increasing their likelihood of experiencing a depressive mood or psychiatric comorbidity. Consequently, individuals with epilepsy encounter difficulties in various domains such as marriage, work, education, and personal life. Considering these significant psychosocial burdens, it is essential to recognize that epilepsy surpasses its medical implications. Unfortunately, current efforts to reduce stigma remain insufficient, necessitating urgent and comprehensive measures to address this issue.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"54 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple sclerosis with comorbidity depression and its association with vitamin D deficiency in a narrative review of the current literature","authors":"H. Goischke","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00020","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decade, knowledge of the pathophysiology and immunology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and depression, and the complex links to vitamin D (VitD) balance, has increased rapidly. Both diseases are characterized by an imbalance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, increased serum neurofilament light chains (sNfLs), disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), abolition of the physiological function of the various types of microglia (MG), decreased calcidiol-serum levels, and disorders of the gut microbiome in combination with hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis/microbiome-gut-brain-axis characterized. In depression, stress initiates cellular and molecular changes in the brain via increased cortisol release in the HPA-axis. Microglial activation and neuronal damage as well as dysregulation of neuroplastic and neurotrophic factors complete the spectrum of pathological damage. It is shown that gut dysbiosis leads to increased gut permeability, which favors endotoxemia and ultimately paves the way to systemic inflammation. A VitD supplementation could restore the balance of microorganisms in the intestine and reduce the inflammatory processes at various levels. VitD promotes regulatory T cell (Treg) proliferation, inhibits the expression of T helper 1 (Th1) cells and Th17 immune cells, and inhibits proinflammatory interleukin-17 (IL-17). 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] reduces also the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Increased calcitriol levels lead to a reduction in MG activation, oxidative stress, and lower BBB permeability. An early, permanent, daily sufficient VitD supplementation as an add-on therapy under control of the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [s25(OH)D] levels is an essential therapeutic tool to slow down the disability caused by MS and thereby primarily prevent or reduce the stress and subsequently the manifestation of depression. Through the future continuous measurement of the biomarkers serum neurofilament ligth chains and glial fibrillary acidic proteins as well as the s25(OH)D level in MS and comorbidity depression, future therapy successes or failures can be avoided.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84876641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modify gut microbiome in autism: a promising strategy?","authors":"J. Demarquoy, Haifa Othman, Caroline Demarquoy","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00018","url":null,"abstract":"The gut microbiota and dysbiosis have been implicated in various metabolic diseases and gastrointestinal disorders. Recently, there has been growing evidence suggesting the influence of gut microbiota on neurological disorders, including autism. Although the number of children diagnosed with autism is increasing, the exact cause of the disease remains unknown. Numerous factors, such as genetics, environment, and diet, appear to contribute to its onset. Nevertheless, a degree of general consensus exists regarding the notion that the disease’s progression likely demands the participation of multiple factors. Among the potential causes, the role of the microbiota is particularly intriguing. The gut and brain have extensive connections, with a significant number of neuronal cells in the gut, and autism is often associated with gastrointestinal issues. In this review, the most recent information available on autism and microbiota has been analyzed. Findings of this study indicate that: (1) the microbiota is clearly altered in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); (2) microbiota transplantation appears to be effective in reducing the severity of autism symptoms; (3) while the microbiota is not solely responsible for the onset of autism, it likely plays a significant role. Considering all the available information, it is suggested that modifying the gut microbiota may have a positive impact on individuals with autism. This opens up possibilities for the use of pre- or probiotics in the treatment of children with ASD, as well as the potential use of fecal microbiota transfer.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88802329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covered stent graft for treatment of carotid artery stenosis with post-stenotic aneurysm","authors":"M. Soliman, Khaled Mowafy, Mostafa Abd Elgwad, Rosan Soliman, R. Soliman","doi":"10.37349/en.2023.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37349/en.2023.00019","url":null,"abstract":"Several bare metals, self-expanding stents have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat carotid stenosis, but no covered stents have been particularly examined or approved for carotid or cerebrovascular applications. Nonetheless, there are a number of potentially useful applications for covered stents in the brachiocephalic, carotid, and even intracranial arteries. As with currently accepted applications for bare metal carotid stents, the use of covered stents in carotid arteries has been reserved for patients who are at high risk for complications with open surgical management of their specific problem. The present case report emphasizes the safety and efficacy of covered stent in complex carotid artery reconstruction entailing stenosis and aneurysmal dilatation and through light on its impact on minimizing the risk of ischemic complications associated with endovascular or surgical carotid sacrifice.","PeriodicalId":73001,"journal":{"name":"Exploration of neuroscience","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84271709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}