Archives of microbiology & immunology最新文献

{"title":"The CD4 Receptor: An Indispensable Protein in T Cell Activation and A Promising Target for Immunosuppression","authors":"Elisa Claeys and Kurt Vermeire","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650036","url":null,"abstract":"The CD4 receptor is the primary entry receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus. Besides this detrimental function, the CD4 receptor is crucial for positive selection and development of CD4+ T cells as well as for proper functioning of the immune system. During T cell activation, the CD4 receptor can fulfill an adhesion function, act as a signaling molecule and enhance the sensitivity of T cells to antigens. In addition, the CD4 receptor was suggested to be involved in differentiation towards the T helper 2 subset and in chemotaxis of T cells. In other types of immune cells, diverging functions are attributed to the CD4 receptor. The immunological importance of the CD4 receptor makes it an interesting target for immunosuppression. This is demonstrated by the immunosuppressive potential of several anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies may have several modes of action, such as (1) inhibition of CD4+ T cell activation by steric hindrance of the CD4/major histocompatibility complex class II interaction resulting in antigen-specific tolerance, (2) down-modulation of the CD4 receptor, (3) switching from a pro-inflammatory T helper 1 to a more immunomodulatory T helper 2 type immune response, (4) induction of regulatory T cells and enhancement of their activity, or (5) delivery of a negative or attenuated signal into the CD4+ T cell. In addition, medicinal drugs that target CD4 are interesting alternatives for immunosuppressive treatment. The small molecule cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) that down-modulates the CD4 receptor in a unique way by signal peptide-dependent inhibition of ER co-translational translocation is currently under investigation as a novel immunosuppressive drug.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Maternal Antibody and Concurrent Vaccination on Serologic Responses to Clostridial Vaccination in Calves","authors":"V. Cortese, J. T. Seeger, C. Trejo, T. Short","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650037","url":null,"abstract":"At birth, one hundred and fifty beef calves were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Dams of the calves had received no vaccines for at least two years. At day sixty of age, serum was drawn for antibodies against exotoxins from Clostridium perfringens (Clp) type C and D, Cl. novyi (Cln) and Cl. sordellii (Cls). Calves in group one were administered 2ml of an intranasal vaccine containing modified live BHV-1, BRSV and PI3 virusa (IN), a modified live viral vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 in combination with a Mannheimia hemolytica (BVDMh) inactivated leukotoxoidc and a Clostridium Chauvoei-Septicum-Novyi-Sordellii-Perfringens Types C and D Bacterin-Toxoid vaccine (7way).b Calves in group two received a systemic MLV combination vaccine containing BVDV types 1 and 2, BHV-1, BRSV, PI3 virus and the same Mh vaccined (FivewayMH). Group three were vaccinated with only the 7 way Clostridium vaccine. At 210 days of age serum was drawn and calves in group 1 received the FivewayMH and 7way vaccines. Calves in group 2 were administered the IN, BVDMH and 7way vaccines and group 3 calves were vaccinated with only the 7way. At 240 days of age sera was drawn for final SN titers. At 60 days of age high levels of maternal antibody against all the exotoxins tested were detected. Serologic responses in all groups indicated maternal antibody interference after 7way vaccination to Cl. Perfringens C and D and in group 3 to Cl. novyi and sordellii. Interference of the immune response to Cl. novyi by systemic MLV BHV-1 viral vaccination was seen on day 60 and 210 to Cl. sordellii. This study indicates that both maternal antibody and concurrent systemic BHV-1 vaccination may interfere with serologic responses to Clostridial exotoxin vaccination. The impact of the decreased antibody levels on protection could not be determined in this study.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clostridium (Now Closteroides) difficile Spore Formation Is Higher in Epidemic Isolates When Treated With Vancomycin in Vivo and in Vitro","authors":"John C. Vitucci, M. Pulse, J. Simecka","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650038","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2000-2007, Clostridium (now Closteroides) difficile infections have increased by a factor of 400% and have been associated with greater disease severity. These increases are associated to the increased prevalence of the NAP1/BI/027 ribotype (ribotype-027). This ribotype was characterized as hypervirulent, and one reason was the ability to produce greater numbers of spores in vitro. However, it is unclear whether the epidemic ribotype-027 are able to produce greater numbers of spores in vivo, and if this plays a role during clinically relevant treatments. To determine if epidemic strains are able to produce more spores during clinically relevant treatments, the growth and in vivo production of spores of four C. difficile isolates (2 non-epidemic and 2-epidemic) were determined in the hamster model of C. difficile infection (CDI). By using this model, the epidemic isolates of C. difficile were found to produce more spores than the non-epidemic isolates during treatment with vancomycin. The difference in spore numbers in response to the presence of vancomycin also occurred in in vitro cultures. These differences between the epidemic and non-epidemic isolates were consistent despite there being no difference to sensitivity to vancomycin in vitro. Thus, antibiotic treatment promoted higher levels of spores of epidemic isolates in vivo and in vitro than found in non-epidemic isolates, suggesting this difference in response to clinically relevant antibiotics is a factor that contributes to the ribotype-027 being more frequently diagnosed in C. difficile cases.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Analysis of 14 Pediatric Cases of Listeria Monocytogenes Meningitis in Southwest China","authors":"Cai Xiaotang, Zhou Wei, Y. Dan, Xie Yongmei, Wang Zhiing, Z. Hui","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pediatric meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes is rare and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Because L. monocytogenes meningitis in children from Southwest China has rarely been reported, we aimed to summarize the clinical data of pediatric L. monocytogenes meningitis cases encountered at our hospital to improve disease diagnosis and treatment.Methods: Predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and cranial images of 14 pediatric patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results: Among the patients, 57% were neonates (87.5%, preterm infants; 50%, maternofetal infection cases). In non-neonatal cases, 50% had predisposing factors, including cancer-associated chemotherapy and congenital heart disease with rickets. All neonatal cases had positive blood cultures, with poor response, frequent apnea or tachypnea, birth asphyxia, and seizure being the predominant manifestations. All non-neonates had positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, with fever, vomiting, headache, and neck stiffness being the predominant symptoms. Pediatric patient mortality was 21.4% (two neonates with maternofetal infection; one non-neonate). Excluding three deaths and one self-discharge, three patients had hydrocephalus (two neonates; one non-neonate); four patients had developmental retardation (three neonates; one non-neonate).Conclusions: L. monocytogenes meningitis had numerous predisposing factors, commonly including mother-tochild transmission in neonates (particularly preterm infants) and hypoimmunity in non-neonates. Differently aged patients showed different clinical manifestations. Neonatal and non-neonatal cases, mostly occurred secondary to bloodstream infections and CSF infections, respectively. Mortality rate was high, and hydrocephalus was the predominant neurological complication. Mortality and disability rates were higher for neonates than for nonneonates.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Case of Asymptomatic Cryptococcal Meningitis with Cryptococcal Pneumonia Case Report","authors":"Cristabel Robles Hidalgo, K. Thakore, A. Pillai","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650028","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The pathogenic encapsulated yeasts in the genus Cryptococcus remains one of the most important opportunistic fungal pathogens in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), more than 80% of the total cases worldwide [1]. Cryptococcal infections are caused by encapsulated fungi Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans [2]. C. neoformans usually infects the central nervous system (CNS) and/or lungs with typical clinical manifestation [3]. Asymptomatic Cryptococcal meningitis in the setting of Cryptococcal pneumonia is a rare finding in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). We report a case of a young woman with AIDS who presented with symptoms of pneumonia and was subsequently found to have subacute cryptococcal meningitis.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound and Serology For Diagnosis of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in An Endemic Zone in China","authors":"Jian Liu, Q. Gao, Dan Li, Yu Feng, Wenhua Ning, Yanqing Dong, Jingyi Li, Wenjun Xu, Deli Xin","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650027","url":null,"abstract":"Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a public health concern in China. However, the incidence and prevalence of CE in the Chinese province of Gansu is not well known. CE diagnosis is often limited to ultrasonography (US) and serological tests. We have assessed the use of these two approaches for diagnosis of CE in the Xiahe county (Gannan prefecture, Gansu province), an endemic area in the northwest of China. This was a community-based cross-sectional study involving 972 people selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. CE was investigated by US and serology, using a commercially available ELISA test. Eighty-four individuals tested positive for serology, out of whom 74 (88.10%) were 21-60 years old. Twelve individuals were diagnosed by US. Overall, seroprevalence was 8.63%, and the rate of individuals diagnosed by US was 1.23%. Seroprevalence was higher among females than males (10.16% vs. 6.5%), while the rate of individuals diagnosed by US was slightly higher among males (1.22% vs. 0.89%). Our  results demonstrate that CE remains prevalent in the Gansu province. Serological monitoring can be a valuable tool for detection of infected individuals.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of an Immunocompetent Patient with Disseminated Histoplasmosis Presenting with an Oral Lesion","authors":"Ramsha Saleem and Pillai Anjana","doi":"10.26502/AMI.93650029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/AMI.93650029","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Presentation of a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent individual from a non endemic region, in which a mucocutaneous lesion was the presenting sign of infection.Case: A 38 year old male from Bangladesh who presented with dysphagia and odynophagia for one month. On physical examination, he was noted to have an ulcerative lesion of the left tongue and epiglottis. Biopsy revealed Histoplasma organisms. The patient was successfully treated with amphotericin for ten days as an inpatient and itraconazole as an outpatient.Conclusion: This case highlights that a diagnosis of infection with fungal organisms, such as Histoplasmosis, must be kept in the differential of mucocutaneous lesions.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation Reddish Pigment Producer Metschnikowia Species as Skin Residents: A Case Report and Short Review of the Literature","authors":"Z. Rafat, S. Hashemi, Seyed Farshad Hashemi, R. D. Ghazvini, B. Roohi, K. Ahmadikia, H. Bakhshi","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650032","url":null,"abstract":"In our investigation on skin fungal flora associated with 9 different skin sites of 238 healthy people, including 119 males and 119 females, 3 Metschnikowia species were isolated. 2 of them were detected from the fingernail and the exile of an 87-year-old man and 1 of them was detected from the groin of a 76-years-old man. Collected samples were examined by culture on Sabouraud Chloramphenicol Agar and then 3 yeast-like organisms with reddish pigment, were detected. For precise identification, the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA region was sequenced. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation reddish pigment producer Metschnikowia spp. as human cutaneous residents in Iran. According to the fact that the intensity of pigmentation is correlated with the antimicrobial activity, this rare yeast is a human colonizer that specially can turn into a human pathogen in immunocompromised patients.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations in T-Cell Response Among Cow’s Milk Allergy Children With Or Without Sensitization to Casein Protein","authors":"Miao Qing, Li Zhen, Li Yongge, Wang Yan, Reng Yi-xin, Guan Hui, Xu Wei, Jiang Nannan, Huang Huijie, Hou Xiao-ling, Xiang Li","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650030","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To explore the potential differences in allergen-specific T immunological responses among cow’s milk allergic(CMA) patients with or without casein sensitization.Methods: A total of 25 children with IgE-dependent CMA were recruited from outpatient clinic in Beijing Children’s Hospital from January to August of 2017, including 14 CMA patient with a positive sensitization to casein component, 11 CMA patient being sensitized to cow’s milk, but a negative sIgE for casein component, and another 10 atopic control subjects without CMA were also included as negative control group in this study. The expression level of T cell related transcription factor in PBMCs or total CD4+ cells were detected by quantitative PCR, and the release of T cell related cytokines in donor’s serum was determined by Luminex xMAP 200 System. Upon in-vitro stimulation with casein protein, the proliferation rates of PBMCs-derived T cells were assessed by flow cytometry, and T related cytokines production in culture supernatant was evaluated as well.Results: A significantly higher level of GATA3 expression transcripts in PBMCs or total CD4+ cells were detected in casein-sensitized CMA patients than those without casein sensitization. An increase in IL-4 (74.1±16.5pg/ml vs 64.9±12.8 pg/ml, P<0.05) and a decrease in IL-10 (3.1±2.4 pg/ml vs 4.9±2.8 pg/ml, P<0.05) production were found in casein-sensitized CMA patient’s plasma than patients without casein sensitization. Upon in-vitro stimulation with cow’s milk protein mixture, a significantly higher proliferation rate of casein-specific CD4+T cells (30.0±5.8% vs 20.7±5.5%, P<0.05) as well as increased productions of IL-4(4.1±13.6 vs 64.7±12.3pg/ml, P<0.05) and IL- 13(48.7±10.3 vs 38.7±9.4pg/ml, P<0.05) were found in casein-sensitized CMA patients compared those without casein sensitization.Conclusions: Our findings preliminarily revealed that a distinctive T cell mediated immune response among CMA patient with the different sensitized component.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carriage Profile of Transient Oral Bacteria among Dar es Salaam Hypertensive Patients and its Association to Hypertension","authors":"Boaz Cairo, G. Bwire, K. Mwambete","doi":"10.26502/ami.93650033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26502/ami.93650033","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The causes of hypertension can be either reversible and/or irreversible. Oral infections caused by transient normal flora, Porphyromonas gingivalis in particular is among the reversible factors which can directly or indirectly influence hypertension. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the oral bacterial profile and establish an association between P. gingivalis carriage and hypertension.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted between January and July 2018 at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam. Oral swabs were collected and cultured in the appropriate media for isolation of bacteria. Bacterial identification was done using cultural properties and series of biochemical tests. Cramer’s V test analyzed categorical variables while Pearson correlation analyzed continous variables. Logistic regression was used in determination of Odds Ratio (OR). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: In 120 hypertensive patients (HTP) the most isolated bacterial species were Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus by 20.6%, 18.8%and 7.1% respectively while for 50 nonhypertensive patients (NHTP) were 9.4%, 8.2% and 2.9% for S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae and S. aureus respectively. The prevalence of P. gingivalis was 10.6% in HTP and 1.2% in NHTP (p < 0.05). There was no significant association between harbouring P. gingivalis and hypertension (OR = 4.2; 95%CI = 0.944 -18.993; p = 0.130).Conclusions: Hypertensive patients exhibit high oral carriage of transient bacteria especially P. gingivalis as compared to non-hypertensive individuals. However, there was no association between P. gingivalis carriage and hypertension.","PeriodicalId":72285,"journal":{"name":"Archives of microbiology & immunology","volume":"17 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69344699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}