Qianjie Wang, Qianyi Wang, Guijie Zhu, Liangliang Sun
{"title":"Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Top-Down Proteomics.","authors":"Qianjie Wang, Qianyi Wang, Guijie Zhu, Liangliang Sun","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071124-092242","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071124-092242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mass spectrometry (MS)-based top-down proteomics (TDP) characterizes proteoforms in cells, tissues, and biological fluids (e.g., human plasma) to better our understanding of protein function and to discover new protein biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapeutic development. Separations of proteoforms with high peak capacity are needed due to the high complexity of biological samples. Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS has been recognized as a powerful analytical tool for protein analysis since the 1980s owing to its high separation efficiency and sensitivity of CE-MS for proteoforms. Here, we review benefits of CE-MS for advancing TDP, challenges and solutions of the method, and the main research areas in which CE-MS-based TDP can make significant contributions. We provide a brief perspective of CE-MS-based TDP moving forward.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"125-147"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12081194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strategies for Electrochemical Point-of-Care Biosensors.","authors":"Dagwin Wachholz Junior, Patricia Batista Deroco, Bruna M Hryniewicz, Lauro Tatsuo Kubota","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071124-103739","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071124-103739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as pivotal tools in point-of-care (POC) sensing, offering rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection platforms. Different strategies for advancing electrochemical POC biosensors have been explored recently, including fabrication methodologies and advances in biorecognition elements. This review comprehensively explores the miniaturization and integration of portable and wireless devices into fully integrated systems, highlighting recent advancements and challenges in fabrication techniques. We also discuss different enhancement strategies for biorecognition in POC testing, including immunosensors, aptasensors, genosensors, and CRISPR-based biosensors, evaluating their respective strengths and applications. Furthermore, this review addresses the complexity of multiplexing within electrochemical biosensing platforms. Finally, we outline some critical considerations for field deployment and commercialization of electrochemical POC biosensors. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of advancing electrochemical biosensors toward robust and scalable POC solutions by synthesizing advancements across this emerging field.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"307-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress in Signal Amplification and Microstructure Manufacturing for Photoelectrochemical Sensing.","authors":"Xu Liu, Di Yang, Bingqian Liu, Dianping Tang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-070524-093940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-070524-093940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing based on chemical or biological recognition has received a tremendous amount of attention in recent years, providing analytical chemists a plethora of opportunities. However, emerging techniques and unknown processes in this field remain unexplored. We summarize the recently reported PEC sensing methods. First, we briefly describe the basic principles and technical characteristics of PEC sensing. Next, we highlight the application of various materials, nucleic acids, and other strategies for amplifying PEC signals. Finally, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the realization of miniaturized equipment during PEC sensor manufacturing. Summarizing the technological advances and research breakthroughs in PEC sensing over time can help increase the quality of follow-up research.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":"18 1","pages":"383-405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farnaz Fazelpour, Lindsey C Hill, Matthew R Markovetz, David B Hill
{"title":"Analytic Approaches to Physicochemical Properties of Materials for Biomedical Applications Across Nanoscopic and Macroscopic Length Scales.","authors":"Farnaz Fazelpour, Lindsey C Hill, Matthew R Markovetz, David B Hill","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-015821","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-015821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The design and implementation of biomedical devices for both diagnostic and direct medical applications have revolutionized patient care, paving the way for improved patient outcomes. Understanding the characteristics of materials used in the design of new devices is essential for their advancement. In this review, our goal is to assist biomedical researchers in appreciating the importance of these properties and the role of selecting the proper measurement. We discuss how the nanoscopic molecular composition, arrangement, and interactions generate the properties of liquids, solids, viscoelastic materials, and colloids and discuss the measurement techniques that can be used to assess these properties from the nanoscale to the macroscale. We explore the linear and nonlinear mechanical responses of materials, elucidate their behaviors under varying conditions, and discuss corresponding measurement techniques. Finally, we highlight the importance of tailoring measurements to the underlying biological processes and applications being investigated.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"473-495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143426646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra D Steigmeyer, Sarah C Lowery, Valentina Rangel-Angarita, Stacy A Malaker
{"title":"Decoding Extracellular Protein Glycosylation in Human Health and Disease.","authors":"Alexandra D Steigmeyer, Sarah C Lowery, Valentina Rangel-Angarita, Stacy A Malaker","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071024-124203","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071024-124203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein glycosylation, the covalent attachment of carbohydrate, or glycan, structures onto the protein backbone, is one of the most complex and heterogeneous post-translational modifications (PTMs). Extracellular protein glycosylation, in particular N- and mucin-type O-glycosylation, plays pivotal roles in a number of biophysical and biochemical processes, such as protein folding and stability, cell adhesion, signaling, and protection. As such, aberrant glycosylation is implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer. However, the nontemplated nature and structural heterogeneity of protein glycosylation hinder glycoprotein characterization with traditional methods. Recent advances in analytical techniques have improved capabilities for decoding glycan complexity, a promising step toward understanding the role of glycosylation in human health and disease. In this review, we highlight key and emerging techniques to study protein glycosylation, and we emphasize how these techniques have improved our understanding of glycosylation in a biologically relevant context.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"241-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raychelle Burks, Georgina Sauzier, Brooke W Kammrath, Max M Houck
{"title":"Forensic Analytical Chemistry for Minimizing Injustice: Advances and Challenges.","authors":"Raychelle Burks, Georgina Sauzier, Brooke W Kammrath, Max M Houck","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-072624-030546","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-072624-030546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic analytical chemistry has evolved significantly, embracing myriad methodological and technological advancements to expand the frontiers of evidence analysis. Beyond technology, modern forensic scientists face challenges working within the criminal justice system where scientific operational and research choices are directed by law enforcement agencies. This review examines issues surrounding the accuracy of presumptive tests, the use of portable instrumentation, and sample contamination, as exemplified by field drug testing. Data management and preservation are discussed, including the integration of machine learning into forensic workflows and the critical need for transparency to stakeholders. Finally, the operational interpretation and translation of analytical results and the role of forensic laboratories as high-reliability organizations are explored. Addressing the disparities and ensuring the credibility of forensic methods are essential for promoting reliability and equity within the justice system.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"23-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning in Small-Molecule Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Yuhui Hong, Yuzhen Ye, Haixu Tang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071224-082157","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071224-082157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is crucial for small-molecule analysis; however, traditional computational methods are limited by incomplete reference libraries and complex data processing. Machine learning (ML) is transforming small-molecule mass spectrometry in three key directions: (<i>a</i>) predicting MS/MS spectra and related physicochemical properties to expand reference libraries, (<i>b</i>) improving spectral matching through automated pattern extraction, and (<i>c</i>) predicting molecular structures of compounds directly from their MS/MS spectra. We review ML approaches for molecular representations [descriptors, simplified molecular-input line-entry (SMILE) strings, and graphs] and MS/MS spectra representations (using binned vectors and peak lists) along with recent advances in spectra prediction, retention time, collision cross sections, and spectral matching. Finally, we discuss ML-integrated workflows for chemical formula identification. By addressing the limitations of current methods for compound identification, these ML approaches can greatly enhance the understanding of biological processes and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"193-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microfluidics with Machine Learning for Biophysical Characterization of Cells.","authors":"Hyungkook Jeon, Jongyoon Han","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-025021","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-025021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the biophysical properties of cells is essential for biological research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Microfluidics enhances biophysical cell characterization by enabling precise manipulation and real-time measurement at the microscale. However, the high-throughput nature of microfluidic systems generates vast amounts of data, complicating analysis. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) methods, including machine learning and deep learning, with microfluidic technologies addresses these challenges. AI excels at analyzing large, complex datasets, improving the accuracy and efficiency of microfluidic experiments and facilitating new biological discoveries. This review examines the synergy between microfluidics and machine learning for biophysical cell characterization, categorizing existing methods based on the types of input data used for machine learning analysis, highlighting recent advancements, and discussing challenges and future directions in this interdisciplinary field.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"447-472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bioelectronic Large-Area Transistors for High-Performance Sensing.","authors":"Eleonora Macchia, Paolo Bollella, Luisa Torsi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-061522-034729","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-061522-034729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bioelectronics, originating from Galvani's eighteenth-century experiments, blends biology, medicine, and electronics to create devices that can be closely connected to biological systems. This review focuses on bioelectronic large-area field-effect transistor (FET) sensing devices, emphasizing their sensitivity, specificity, and reliability. The role of analytical chemistry in optimizing performance-level control is pivotal, and the review discusses key performance metrics, including limit of identification (LOI), reliability and selectivity. The assessment of the LOI level is addressed using examples of FET-based bioelectronic sensors capable of detecting concentrations at least in the picomolar range. Examples of sensors capable of detecting concentrations in the tens of zeptomolar range are also provided, demonstrating that a single molecule in 0.1 mL can be reliably detected. Working at the LOI also minimizes random errors, which can be as low as 1%. The review also explores the use of molecularly imprinted polymers for highly selective FET bioelectronic detections, noting their sustainability and robustness in comparison to natural antibodies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":" ","pages":"407-425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143517516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Innovative Sample Preparation Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in Environmental Samples.","authors":"Héctor Martínez-Pérez-Cejuela, Emanuela Gionfriddo","doi":"10.1146/annurev-anchem-071224-093709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-071224-093709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sample treatment plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate analysis of contaminants in aqueous, gaseous, and solid matrices. Emerging contaminants such as microplastics and poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances pose challenges due to their ubiquity and potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. By setting stringent guidelines, environmental protection agencies drive research and innovation in analytical methodologies. However, current reference methods are based on traditional techniques with a high use of chemicals and considerable waste generation. This review highlights the importance of advanced techniques, including solid-phase extraction and microextraction methods, enhanced by novel materials, for preparing environmental samples. Additionally, it discusses innovative formats and devices, such as drone-based systems and three-dimensional-printed devices, which are expanding the scope of environmental monitoring. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of trends and advances in sample preparation for environmental analysis over the past five years, offering insights into progress made and future directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72239,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)","volume":"18 1","pages":"73-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}