Advances in veterinary medicine最新文献

{"title":"Vaccination: a philosophical view.","authors":"M C Horzinek","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80004-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80004-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80004-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20796801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines.","authors":"I Tizard","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80005-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80005-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In conclusion, it is remarkable just how farsighted many of the early vaccine investigators were. Jenner was apparently very comfortable with contagion and even recognized that infectious agents could gradually change and adapt to a new species. Pasteur, long before his fowl cholera experiment, dreamed that attenuation could yield safe vaccines and it took him no time at all therefore to recognize the significance of that serendipitous experiment. The fact that two other investigators were also developing anthrax vaccines simultaneously is yet another example of how the times favor certain discoveries. Finally Ferry, while constrained by the fact that he had no idea that distemper was caused by a virus, recognized well the concept of secondary infection and rationalized, not unreasonably, that his vaccine might assist in controlling this. It is also clear that we must look skeptically at the accepted historical record. Thus, it is clear that Jenner used horse-derived material as a source of vaccine material and that vaccinia may in fact be the long-lost agent of horsepox. Certainly this would not be news to many nineteenth-century investigators and veterinarians. Individuals planning to use live vaccinia in recombinant vaccines may wish to keep this in mind. Who discovered anthrax vaccine? Burdon-Sanderson clearly recognized that he could attenuate the organism. Greenfield showed that this could protect against disease although he was far from developing an effective vaccine. Poor Henri Toussaint was probably the first to develop an effective product but did not publicize his results widely. It was left to Louis Pasteur to take the risks inherent in a high-profile public experiment and win. I believe that he richly deserves the prize. Finally, who deserves the credit for distemper vaccine? First, Carré deserves much more credit than hitherto for discovering that distemper was caused by a virus. Second, Ferry, although misled by his identification of B. bronchiseptica deserves credit for realizing that his vaccine could play a role in controlling secondary infections. The true discoverer of an effective distemper vaccine was the Italian, Puntoni, but once again the publicity went to others, Laidlaw and Dunkin. Thus a pattern emerges that prior discovery matters little in the face of aggressive publicity. If nobody knows you did the experiment you might as well have never done it in the first place. Publish or perish is by no means a new phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"7-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80005-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20796802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination of wildlife against rabies: successful use of a vectored vaccine obtained by recombinant technology.","authors":"M Mackowiak,&nbsp;J Maki,&nbsp;L Motes-Kreimeyer,&nbsp;T Harbin,&nbsp;K Van Kampen","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80043-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80043-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of recombinant technology in veterinary and human medicine can only be hypothesized at this time. The development of vaccines and other biological products that go beyond the abilities of conventional products demonstrates the benefits of this new technology. Raboral V-RG was developed as an alternative rabies vaccine with the novel attribute of being effective by the oral route. Within 10 years after its first application as an experimental vaccine in European, red foxes it developed into a useful tool and is being used to curtail rabies epizootics in three wildlife species in the United States. The use of this vaccine can be considered as monumental in contributing to the control of rabies in species that were at one time considered to be incapable of vaccination in large-scale campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"571-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80043-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20796810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA immunization: present and future.","authors":"L A Babiuk,&nbsp;J Lewis,&nbsp;S van den Hurk,&nbsp;R Braun","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80015-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80015-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"163-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80015-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20797401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weighing the risks and benefits of vaccination.","authors":"L T Glickman","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80054-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80054-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The following summarizes this author's current thoughts regarding veterinary vaccines and their safety: 1. Every licensed animal vaccine is probably effective, but also produces some adverse effects. 2. Prelicensing studies of vaccines are not specifically designed to detect adverse vaccine reactions. 3. An improved system of national postmarketing surveillance is required to identify most adverse vaccine reactions that occur at low and moderate frequency. 4. Even a good postmarketing surveillance system is unlikely, however, to detect delayed adverse vaccine reactions, and the longer the delay the less likely they will be associated with vaccination. 5. Analytic epidemiologic (field) studies are the best way to link vaccination with delayed adverse reactions, but these are often hindered by incomplete vaccination histories in medical records in veterinary practice and by a lack of veterinarians in industry trained in epidemiologic methods. 6. Each licensed veterinary vaccine should be subjected to a quantitative risk assessment, and these should be updated on a regular basis as new information becomes available. 7. Risk assessment should be used to identify gaps in information regarding the safety and efficacy of vaccines, and appropriate epidemiologic studies conducted to fill these gaps that contribute to the uncertainty in risk estimates. 8. Risk assessment is an analytical process that is firmly based on scientific considerations, but it also requires judgments to be made when the available information is incomplete. These judgments inevitably draw on both scientific and policy considerations. 9. Representatives from industry, government, veterinary medicine, and the animal-owning public should be involved in risk management, that is, deciding between policy options. The controversy regarding vaccine risks is intensifying to the point that some animal owners have stopped vaccinating their animals. They offer as justification the belief that current vaccines are \"just too dangerous.\" Some owners report that since they completely stopped vaccinating their animals, they have been healthy. What they fail to realize is that a high percentage of animal owners are responsible and do vaccinate their animals, thus providing \"herd immunity\" protection to the unvaccinated animals whom they contact. The solution to the vaccine controversy is not to abandon vaccination as an effective means of disease prevention and control, but rather to encourage vaccine research to answer important questions regarding safety and to identify the biological basis for adverse reactions. Key questions to be answered include these: What components of vaccines are responsible for adverse reactions? What is the genetic basis for susceptibility to adverse health effects in animals? How can susceptible individuals be identified? Do multivalent vaccines cause a higher rate of adverse reactions than monovalent vaccines? Is administration of multiple doses of monovalent vac","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"701-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80054-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20797414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index.","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80058-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80058-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":" ","pages":"775-815"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0065-3519(99)80058-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37833794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Licensing procedures for immunological veterinary medicinal products in the European Union.","authors":"P P Pastoret,&nbsp;F Falize","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80045-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80045-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the adoption of the new authorization system, all regulatory needs for veterinary medicinal products have been fulfilled with the European Union. This system, indeed, provides access to a continent-wide market to innovative products, in particular vaccines, and facilitates access to the markets of the Member States for other products. This should have a clearly favorable impact on the veterinary vaccines industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"595-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80045-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20796812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional effects on vaccination.","authors":"M E Cook","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80008-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80008-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune-induced cachetic response is an example of a biological opportunity to develop technologies that ensure improved performance in animal agriculture. We have estimated that reduced performance of immune stimulated animals, whether by exposure to conventional environments or through vaccination, results in more than U.S. $500 million in reduced productivity. Nontraditional methods to alleviate the adverse effects of the immune response provide an opportunity for those skilled in the art of vaccinology and immunology to develop new technologies and feeding practices. Too often, biologists are blinded by the limits of their disciplines and rarely venture to the fringe of their field to engage in collaborations that at first glance do not seem logical. The examples of CLA and antigastrointestinal peptides suggest that new opportunities await in ensuring that the cost of the immune response is minimized and that new approaches to animal agriculture await discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"53-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80008-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20797395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International harmonization of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines: role of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE).","authors":"P F Wright","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80052-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80052-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The OIE is recognized as the world organization for animal health. Serving 145 member countries, the OIE provides current information on disease occurrence, coordinates studies on disease surveillance and control, and harmonizes regulations for trade in animals and animal products. This paper focuses on the role of one the OIE's specialist commissions, the Standards Commission. The Standards Commission works in close collaboration with the Scientific and Technical Department of the OIE's Central Bureau on the international harmonization of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines. The Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines, approved by the International Committee, defines the international standards for diagnostic tests and for the production of biological products as applied to mammals, birds, and bees. The Manual lists and details those tests which are prescribed for international trade and others which are suitable for bilateral trade agreements. The Manual represents one of the key scientific and technical references for harmonization of regulations for trade in animals and animal products. The commission coordinates the activities of a network of some 110 OIE reference laboratories and six collaborating centers. By creating and nurturing this network, international harmonization is promoted through the sharing of knowledge and the establishment of collaborative projects related to methods development and standardization, production and distribution of international reference standards, quality assurance, and assay validation. Through a series of guidelines provided to participants, the commission ensures the quality and focus of these projects. In matters of a scientific and technical nature concerning diagnostic tests and vaccines, the Standards Commission collaborates with other international organizations such as the FAO, WHO, IICA, and PAHO, thus promoting harmonization at the international program level. Underscoring the important role of the OIE at this level, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization, as included in the Marrakech agreement (1994), specifically recommends the use of standards, guidelines, and recommendations developed under the auspices of the OIE in order to promote harmonization of regulations for trade in animals and animal products.</p>","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"669-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80052-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20797412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic medicine: the challenge of differentiating infection from disease and making sense for the veterinary clinician.","authors":"J F Evermann, I S Eriks","doi":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80006-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80006-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72111,"journal":{"name":"Advances in veterinary medicine","volume":"41 ","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149316/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20797393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}