职业病与环境医学(英文)最新文献

{"title":"Cadmium Toxicity: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Tissue Injury","authors":"Sandra Concepcion Das, H. Al-Naemi","doi":"10.4236/odem.2019.74012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2019.74012","url":null,"abstract":"Cadmium is a known environmental pollutant targeting various organs. Often implicated in cadmium toxicology is the formation of reactive oxygen species, overwhelming the free radical scavenging mechanisms and inducing oxidative stress. Acute cadmium intoxication has been shown to reduce antioxidant enzyme activity and induce oxidative stress. However, chronic intoxication has obscure outcomes in oxidative stress while the cell makes adjustments to overcome the toxicant load. Also linked with the occurrence of oxidative stress is inflammation. Stimulation of acute or chronic inflammation is mediated by different cascades. However, key events include activation of transcription factor, NF-κB and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated simultaneously in pathogenesis and induction of multi-organ tissue damage under cadmium exposure. This article reviews the impact of acute and chronic cadmium intoxication on inducing oxidative stress, inflammation and thereby inflicting tissue damage.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47554274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood Poisoning Cases Admitted to Zagazig University Hospitals during the Year 2018: A Retrospective Study","authors":"A. Mahmoud","doi":"10.4236/odem.2019.74009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2019.74009","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Childhood poisoning is considered major socioeconomic and public health problem as there are thousands of children admitted to the emergency departments and millions of calls are made to poison control centers every year. Aim of the Work: Determine the prevalence and pattern of childhood poisoning cases admitted to Zagazig University hospitals. Subjects and Methods: This is a retrospective study on children < 18 years old presented to Zagazig University hospital emergency department. The study was done from the beginning of January 2018 to the end of December 2018 on total of 624 cases with acute poisoning. All required epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 624 childhood poisoning cases, more males than females (55.3% versus 44.7% respectively), and more in age group of 3 - 6 years old (40.86%), more in rural than urban communities (65.06% against 34.94% respectively). Oral exposure was the most against other routes (84.94%). Most cases were unintentional (92.8%). The prevalence of childhood poisoning in descending order was; compound therapeutic medications (32.69%) followed by pesticides (26.92%) then corrosives (17.31%), while volatile hydrocarbons (benzene or kerosene) accounted for (15.38%) and carbon monoxide (3.85%) and others (3.85%). Overall, minor cases were the commonest (63%) while only 3.8% of cases were severe. About 88.94% of cases were discharged after completed management while death rate was 0.96%. Conclusion: Most childhood poisoning cases were males, accidentally, mainly by oral route and in rural areas, most commonly in age group of 3 - 6 years. Most cases were due to therapeutic medications then pesticide exposures. Most of cases were completely cured.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48826481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power Stripping of Asbestos-Containing Insulation from Electrical Cable","authors":"C. Blake, G. Johnson, R. Harbison","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.73006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.73006","url":null,"abstract":"Efforts to recycle copper from electrical conductors have led to the development of specialized machines, which automatically remove insulating covers from wires and cable products. In the past, certain wire and cable products were insulated using chrysotile asbestos. This research was undertaken to determine the asbestos fiber exposure risks associated with power stripping machinery to remove asbestos-containing insulation materials from electrical wire or cable. A Rigby Machinery, Inc., Model 4H electric powered wire/cable insulation stripping machine was acquired along with approximately 42 m of asbestos insulated cable. During two separate, but nearly identical, test sessions, a laborer used the wire stripper to remove the asbestos-containing insulation from the subject cable. This work took place within a closed metal building with a total interior volume of 2500 m3. Industrial hygiene personal and area air samples were collected for airborne fibers throughout all wire stripping periods. Collected air samples were analyzed using phase contract microscopy (PCM) and transmission microscopy (TEM). The results of analysis using PCM for personal samples (n = 3) taken during periods of continuous cable stripping activity showed test period airborne fiber exposures ranging from 0.034 to 0.068 (mean 0.056 f/cc). Follow-up analysis of these personal samples using TEM indicated asbestos adjusted PCM exposures ranging from 0.017 to 0.045 (mean 0.033 f/cc). Area air samples taken at distances ranging from 2 to 9 meters from the wire stripper (n = 16) showed asbestos adjusted PCM concentrations ranging from less than 0.0001 to 0.041 f/cc (mean 0.007 f/cc). The process of power stripping asbestos-containing insulation from electrical wires and cables can cause exposure to airborne asbestos fibers. However, the levels of such exposure are not expected to exceed the current occupational exposure limits for asbestos of 0.1 f/cc as an 8-hr TWA or 1.0 f/cc averaged over a 30-minute exposure period.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48560606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Blood Lead, Blood Pressure Connection: An Evaluation of Apparently Healthy Lead Exposed Workers in Nigeria","authors":"D. Alasia, A. Iyagba","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.73007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.73007","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: There is a paucity of evidence on the lead exposure and blood pressure association in Nigeria where lead exposure is still prevalent and poorly regulated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between lead exposure using blood lead level and blood pressure in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Methodology: A prospective cross sectional comparative study of adult subjects with occupational lead exposure and controls, performed in Port Harcourt, South-south Nigeria. Blood lead measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used as the biomarker of lead exposure while systolic and diastolic blood pressures and other relevant variables were measured and analysed. Results: The mean systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in lead exposed subjects 118.49 (14.67) mmHg compared to controls 113.62 (11.31) mmHg (p = 0.008). No difference was observed in the mean diastolic blood pressure. A higher proportion of subjects had systolic and diastolic pressure > 140 mmHg and >90 mmHg compared to controls 9.47% vs. 1.25% and 10.51% vs. 2.54%, with (p = 0.016), OR = 8.27 , RR = 1.38 and (p = 0.028), OR = 4.59 , RR = 1.33 respectively. There was no significant statistical correlation between blood lead and blood pressure. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate a significant systolic blood pressure elevation and prevalence of hypertension among lead exposed workers in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Lager longitudinal research is needed to evaluate lead exposure and elevated blood pressure association in Nigeria. The findings call for better regulation of occupational lead exposure in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42141276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Toxic Effects of Olanzapine on Metabolic Parameters in de Novo Paranoid Schizophrenic Patients. The Role of Adjunctive Aripeprazole: Clinical and Experimental Study","authors":"H. Al-Sayed, W. Soliman","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.73008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.73008","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Approximately 75% of all deaths in people with schizophrenia are caused by physical illness with cardiovascular disease [CVD] being the commonest cause of death. Factors predisposing people with schizophrenia to CVD include antipsychotic medication. Aim of Work: The aim of this study was to detect metabolic syndrome and its components in de novo paranoid schizophrenics on olanzapine therapy and the metabolic benefits of addition of aripeprazole, clinically and experimentally. Methodology: 1) Clinical study: 200 Outpatients suffered from de novo paranoid schizophrenia according to 10th International Classification of Psychiatric Disorders, Research Criteria [ICD10 RC] were included in the study. None of them had any component of metabolic syndrome. They were maintained on olanzapine [10 - 20 mg]. Patients were assessed clinically, psychometrically using Scale for the Assessment of Negative [SANS] and Positive [SAPS] Symptoms and metabolically at base line and after 6 months. Patients who had metabolic syndrome after 6 month of starting olanzapine therapy, were randomly divided into two groups according to added regime to maintained olanzapine: Group 1: olanzapine [10 mg/day] + placebo [empty hard gelatin capsule]. Group II: olanzapine [10 mg/day] + aripeprazole [10 mg/day]. 2) Experimental study: 40 male albino rats were randomly equally divided into 4 groups: Group 1 [control group]: received a standard diet, Group II [olanzapine treated]: received olanzapine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day, Group III [aripiprazole treatd]: received aripiprazole at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day, Group IV [combined olanzapine and aripiprazole treated]: received olanzapine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day combined with aripiprazole at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day orally. The duration of the study was 16 weeks. All treated rat groups were assessed for metabolic parameters, liver enzymes and histopathology. Results: Clinically, after the 6 months of olanzapine treatment [mean dose 12.75 mg], there was significant increase [p < 0.001] in weight, body mass index, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose level compared to base line level of these parameters (Table 1). 32 patients [16%] suffered from metabolic syndrome after 6 months of olanzapine therapy. After 3 months of aripeprazole, [10 mg/day], addition to maintained olanzapine therapy to patients suffered from metabolic syndrome, there was significant [p < 0.001] improvement in tested parameters (Table 2). Experimentally, the rats in group II [olanzapine treated rats] had significantly higher body weight [p = 0.002], liver weight [p < 0.001], metabolic parameters [p < 0.001] and liver enzymes [p < 0.001] than controls. Group 1v [combined olanzapine and aripeprazole treated rats] had significant decrease in metabolic parameters and liver enzymes in comparison to olanzapine treated rats (Table 3). Histopathologically, liver fat cells were significantly [p < 0.001] present in the olanzapine-only [8 rats] treatmen","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44011998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meso-American Nephropathy in El Salvador: Increasing Farmer Participation in MeN Prevention Efforts","authors":"Keven Bermúdez, C. Orantes, Montserrat León, Marta Jiménez, Nicole Vidal, P. D. Vos","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.72005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.72005","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This paper highlights and discusses major factors affecting Salvadoran farmers’ involvement in National Health System-led efforts to prevent MeN in El Salvador and includes some recommendations to enhance their involvement. Methods: The study, conducted in El Salvador in June 2018, involved 10 life-long farmers residing in five MeN-affected communities in Chalatenango and Usulutan Departments who were either MeN-free or MeN-controlled, to understand through semi-structured, qualitative interviews their experience of participation in broader epidemic control efforts. Complementary interviews held with two nephrology teams and a senior representative of the grassroots-level National Health Forum operating in the same area, provided necessary contrast. Interview questions were informed by reference to the Adaptation and Development after Persecution and Trauma (ADAPT) model [1] as applicable in post-conflict environments like El Salvador to analyze contextual factors influencing community participation. Findings: Farmers are scarcely involved in wider MeN prevention efforts in El Salvador despite greater National Health System emphasis on encouraging community participation since the approval of the 2009 Health Reform [2]. This study found that widespread insecurity due to gang warfare, declining family and social networks due to high murder rates and international migration, and unresolved sense of injustice over unremitting poverty are among major factors with potential destructive effect on farmer participation. Conclusions: Health system-led MeN prevention responses need to encompass attention to persisting social vulnerabilities in economically and socially marginalized communities in order to enhance farmer participation in this effort. This paper concludes with some recommendations on how this can be done.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43636415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Abuse in Zagazig University Students, Egypt: Cross Sectional Study","authors":"D. Amin, Samah A. Elnagdi, S. A. Amer","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.72004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.72004","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Drug addiction is a major public health and socioeconomic problem worldwide that annoys the Egyptian government, as it deals with youth within the age of productivity. Aim of the Work: To determine the prevalence of drug abuse among Zagazig University students. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted on 750 students in Zagazig University from the beginning of November 2015 to the end of November 2016, after an informed verbal consent. Data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire and the results of screening urine samples. Results: The prevalence of drug abuse in general was 7.41%. The prevalence of drug abuse in descending order was tetrahydrocannabinol (3.9%) followed by tramadol (1.9%) then benzodiazepines (0.67%), while, opium and barbiturates each one of them (0.47%). 18% of them were Polydrug users and were only males. Tramadol was the commonest drug to use in polydrug users. The prevalence of smoking was 16.81% and strongly related to gender as in males 26.1% were current smokers while in females only 1.4%. The prevalence of abusing alcohols was 6%, and all of them were males. Conclusion: The prevalence of drug abuse in Zagazig university students is considered high and a very serious problem damaging the youth and the community. Recommendation: Future longitudinal studies should be conducted to investigate the risk factors of drug abuse and suggest the use of urine analysis for drugs of abuse for all students before joining the university.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45400012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Genetic Damage to Workers in a Nickel Smelting Industry","authors":"Efthymios Thanasias, Dimitris Koutsoumplias, D. Vlastos, G. Halkos, D. Matthopoulos, V. Makropoulos","doi":"10.4236/odem.2019.71003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/odem.2019.71003","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Occupational exposure to nickel is affecting millions of employees around the world. Potential alterations in the genetic material of workers in the mining and processing of nickel, possibly resulting from exposure to nickel in the production process, were investigated. The study focused on assessing the percentage of induced micronuclei, as well as on changes in the various cell types of oral mucosa epithelium. Methods: The buccal micronucleus assay was employed to assess possible induced genetic alterations to production line workers in comparison to office employees of the same nickel mining and pyrometalurgic processing industry. Subjects were also compared with regard to their smoking habit. Results: Very low soluble nickel levels were measured in certain workplaces and only in one workplace insoluble nickel was above the acceptable level. Statistically significant micronuclei differences among smokers and non-smokers, in both study groups as well as in total, were observed (p less than 0.01). Production line workers appeared with statistically significant induced micronuclei compared to office employees. Non-smoker production line workers compared to non-smoker office employees revealed statistically significant induced micronuclei. Statistically significant cell lesions were detected between non-smokers and smokers among office employees and production line workers documenting Ni engagement in their induction. Conclusions: The observed frequencies of micronuclei and cell lesions in the oral mucosa of workers, in certain positions of the production line, in relation to their smoking habit document the synergistic effect of Ni and cigarette smoking as effectors in their induction.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46234167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Asbestos Exposure Associated with Research Laboratories","authors":"Ediberto Garcia, Daniel A. Newfang, J. Coyle, G. Johnson, R. Harbison","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.71002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.71002","url":null,"abstract":"Asbestos containing materials (ACM) have been used for decades in research laboratory products including gloves, tong sleeves, Transite board, and other materials. These materials typically contain chrysotile asbestos with concentrations ranging up to 80%. The objective of this research was to evaluate asbestos exposure from gloves, tong sleeves, and Transite board with simulated laboratory use. An environmental chamber was used to simulate laboratory application of the products. Bulk samples of various products were tested before and after use. Personal breathing zone air samples as well as one cumulative air sample were collected during testing and followed the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 7400/7402 methodologies. Phase contrast microscopy (PCM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for sample analyses. Analysis of air samples using PCM, showed airborne fiber concentrations as high as 0.058 f/cc during use of tongs fitted with asbestos sleeves. Further analysis using TEM showed that the highest airborne fiber concentration was 0.0036 f/cc. Manipulation of Transite board resulted in 8-hour time-weighted-average (TWA) asbestos levels as high as 0.02 f/cc. Testing of various asbestos containing materials used in research laboratories indicate low potential for asbestos fiber exposures.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48690133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Education on the Quality of Life of Asthmatics: Evaluative Study of 100 Cases in Pneumophtisiology Department of the Fann National University Hospital Center (FNUHC), Senegal","authors":"C. Diop, K. Thiam, F. Mbaye, M. F. Cisse, E. Ndiaye, S. Niang, Thibaut Houssou, Y. Kane, A. Diatta, N. Toure","doi":"10.4236/ODEM.2019.71001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ODEM.2019.71001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Therapeutic patient education is a continuous, integrated, patient-centered process. A study was conducted in the Asthma School in the pneumophtisiology department of Senegal. Overall goal was to determine the influence of therapeutic education on the quality of life of asthmatics. Method: Transverse study, descriptive and evaluative therapeutic education provided in the school of asthma on quality of life for asthma patients. Data were analyzed through IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 20. Results: 100 asthmatic patients were included with a sex ratio of 0.37. The average age of the patients was 36.76 years old. The majority (81.3%) (n = 39) being new participants. The average scores for symptoms, exposure to stimuli, emotions and limiting activities stay higher for adherent patients as well as the score overall quality of life. Conclusion: The school of asthma, associated with the therapeutic management, can improve the control of the disease and the quality of life of the patient.","PeriodicalId":71955,"journal":{"name":"职业病与环境医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}