Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Testosterone, Athletic Context, Oral Contraceptive Use, and Competitive Persistence in Women","authors":"Kathleen V. Casto,&nbsp;Lindsie C. Arthur,&nbsp;Dave K. Hamilton,&nbsp;David A. Edwards","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00180-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00180-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The purpose of this study is to provide a descriptive account of salivary testosterone levels in women in relation to being an athlete, sporting level, competitive context, and oral contraceptive (OC) use and, to explore the relationship between testosterone levels and performance in a task of competitive persistence.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Saliva samples were collected from teams of women athletes at the recreational, collegiate varsity, and elite-international levels, and a university participant-pool sample of athletes and non-athletes (<i>N</i> = 253). Among the elite athletes, additional saliva samples were collected before and after on- and off-field training sessions and competition. University participants competed in a timed weight-holding competition in the laboratory.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Testosterone levels were highest in elite athletes compared to university students (<i>η</i>^<i>2</i> = .07) and were elevated in the context of competitive training (+13–51%) and formal competition (69%) contexts. OC users had significantly lower testosterone levels than non-users (<i>η</i>^<i>2</i> = .14). For university athletes, testosterone levels were positively correlated with performance in a task of competitive persistence (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i> = .23). OC use was associated with lower competitive persistence (<i>d</i> = .42) – a relationship explained by OC users’ lower testosterone levels relative to non-users (<i>d</i> = 1.32).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Results suggest that salivary testosterone levels in women may depend on sport participation and OC use, are malleable to competitive contexts, and among athletes, are positively related to competitive task persistence. Given the testosterone suppressing effects of OC use, this study provides insight on psychophysiological risks of OC use that could be relevant to sport performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"52 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46233060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortisol, Temperament and Serotonin in Karate Combats: An Evolutionary Psychobiological Perspective","authors":"Davide Ponzi,&nbsp;Harold Dadomo,&nbsp;Laura Filonzi,&nbsp;Paola Palanza,&nbsp;Annalisa Pelosi,&nbsp;Graziano Ceresini,&nbsp;Stefano Parmigiani,&nbsp;Francesco Nonnis Marzano","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00178-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00178-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>There is evidence suggesting that in martial arts competitions athletes characterized by higher anxiety and harm avoidance may be more likely to lose a fight. This psychological profile has been hypothesized to explain in part the observation that cortisol is higher in losers before and in response to a competition. An important research target that needs further exploration is the identification of phenotypic traits that can be helpful in predicting athletes’ performance. Here we present a brief description of the theoretical bases that drives our research in the evolutionary psychobiology of sports and illustrate preliminary data on the relationship between the 5HTTLPR genotype, salivary cortisol, temperament and competition.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sixty-five healthy male non-professional athletes provided saliva samples 10 min before and after a kumite session and filled out the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Salivary cortisol levels 10 min before the competition were higher in losers and in athletes with the S allele. Temperament was associated with competition outcome and cortisol: losers were characterized by higher scores of harm avoidance and harm avoidance was positively correlated with cortisol levels.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The results confirm previous findings linking temperamental traits, pre-and post- competition physiological stress response with competition outcome in kumite fight. Moreover, they indicate an association between the 5HTTLPR polymorphism and pre-competition salivary cortisol, thus providing a preliminary but non-conclusive evidence on the role played by the 5HTTLPR genotype as a vulnerability factor in sport competition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"10 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-021-00178-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47873892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Family and Gendered Fitness Interests Effects on Attitudes Toward Women’s Veiling, Status-Seeking and Stereotyping of Women in Pakistan","authors":"Khandis R. Blake,&nbsp;Gulnaz Anjum,&nbsp;Robert C. Brooks","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00174-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00174-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Although male relatives tend to sway people toward, and female relatives tend to sway people away from conservative political attitudes, there exist many ways in which family composition might cause these effects. Here we test several pathways whereby family might influence attitudes toward female veiling, gender stereotypes, and status-seeking in Pakistan.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Research assistants administered a survey to a diverse sample of 538 adults in Karachi neighborhoods of varying socio-economic status. Within each neighborhood we selected households and available adults within households randomly. Surveys captured socio-demographic data about the participant and their household, and their opinion on family structures, culture, gender roles, religion, and female attire.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that likelihood of deriving future reproductive fitness from males increases status-seeking and stereotypes of women as warm and kind but decreases support for women having the right to choose whether to wear a veil in public. In contrast, deriving future fitness from females leads people to stereotype women as less warm but highly competent. Family effects were distinguishable from those deriving from an individual’s own sex.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings suggest that the inclusive fitness people gain through relatives of each gender may be one of the factors responsible for family effects, shifting dimensions of social cognition and swaying attitudes relevant to sexual conflict.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 4","pages":"382 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45653292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Early Life Experiences Predict Variation in the General Factor of Personality (GFP)?","authors":"Kristine J. Chua, Aaron W. Lukaszewski, J. Manson","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"447 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52893448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Early Life Experiences Predict Variation in the General Factor of Personality (GFP)?","authors":"Kristine J. Chua,&nbsp;Aaron W. Lukaszewski,&nbsp;Joseph H. Manson","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The controversial General Factor of Personality (GFP) has been proposed as an indicator of social effectiveness and a slower life history strategy. An alternative hypothesis holds that only meta-trait <i>alpha</i>, comprising agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability, is a slow life history indicator. This study tested whether the GFP and/or <i>alpha</i> emerges from both self- and stranger-ratings, and whether either is predicted by indicators of harsh childhood ecologies.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>U.S. undergraduate participants (<i>N</i> = 366) completed a Big Five instrument, a measure of socially desirable response bias, and brief (thin slice) videotaped interviews. Raters scored the interviews using the same Big Five instrument.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Structural equation modeling of the self-report data yielded a well-fitting GFP, which was positively associated with father closeness. Meta-trait <i>alpha</i>, based on self-report, was associated with both father closeness and neighborhood stress, but showed positive loadings only for agreeableness and emotional stability. Stranger-rating data failed to yield either a well-fitting GFP or metatrait <i>alpha.</i></p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings are equivocal regarding the usefulness of the GFP specifically, and higher-order personality factors generally, in evolutionary personality science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 4","pages":"447 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-021-00177-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50524670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crowd Salience Heightens Tolerance to Healthy Facial Features","authors":"Mitch Brown,&nbsp;Ryan E. Tracy,&nbsp;Steven G. Young,&nbsp;Donald F. Sacco","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00176-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00176-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Recent findings suggest crowd salience heightens pathogen-avoidant motives, serving to reduce individuals’ infection risk through interpersonal contact. Such experiences may similarly facilitate the identification, and avoidance, of diseased conspecifics. The current experiment sought to replicate and extend previous crowding research.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this experiment, we primed participants at two universities with either a crowding or control experience before having them evaluate faces manipulated to appear healthy or diseased by indicating the degree to which they would want to interact with them.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Crowding-primed participants reported a more heightened preferences for healthy faces than control-primed participants. Additionally, crowd salience reduced aversion toward healthy faces but did not heighten aversion to diseased faces.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Results suggest crowding appears to heighten tolerance for health cues given the heightened proximal threat of infections through interpersonal contact within crowded environments. Conversely, this work extends previous findings by indicating this preference is not rooted in an aversion to cues of poor health. We frame findings from a threat management perspective in understanding how crowding fosters sensitivity toward pathogenic threats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 4","pages":"432 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-021-00176-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39454383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Cortisol and Paternal Testosterone Correlated with Infant Growth via Mini Puberty","authors":"Randy Corpuz,&nbsp;Sophia E. D’Alessandro,&nbsp;Julia M. Moon","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00175-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00175-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Infant testosterone (T) surges early in life. This period (known as mini puberty) is crucial to development. Little is known as to what the ultimate function of mini puberty might be. We predicted that parents with putative endocrine signatures of challenging environments (elevated levels of maternal cortisol and paternal T) may be related to elevated levels of infant T. In turn, these endocrine relationships are hypothesized to influence infant growth.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In a U.S. sample (n = 225 families) of first-time parents and their infants, we measured infant length and weight at three occasions—birth, 3 months old, and 10 months old. We conducted salivary assays of infants for T, mothers for cortisol, and paternal T during the early postnatal period.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We utilized latent growth curve modeling to explore changes in length and weight as predicted by infant T. Infant T predicted the slope of length gains across the study period. Maternal cortisol and paternal T (positively correlated with one another) were positively related to infant T. Neither maternal cortisol nor paternal T predicted the slope of length gains. In an exploratory model, temperament was not related to neuroendocrine measures. Gains in weight—unlike length—were not related to infant T.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The ultimate function of mini puberty in infant growth is nuanced. In addition—at a time of rapid hormone changes across mothers, fathers, and infants—our results suggest that a tripartite neuroendocrine relationship is conceivable. Discussion surrounds the potential role of mini puberty and the numerous limitations of the study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 4","pages":"403 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-021-00175-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43742504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing Mate Choice Hypotheses in a Transitional Small Scale Population","authors":"Lynda G. Boothroyd,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Jucker,&nbsp;Tracey Thornborrow,&nbsp;Martin J. Tovee,&nbsp;Carlota Batres,&nbsp;Ian Penton-Voak","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00173-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00173-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Tests of theories of mate choice often rely on data gathered in White, industrialised samples and this is especially the case for studies of facial attraction. Our understanding of preferences for sexual dimorphism is currently in flux and a number of hypotheses require testing in more diverse participant samples. The current study uses opportunistically gathered facial dimorphism preference data from 271 participants in rural Nicaragua, and 40 from the national capital Managua. We assess pre-registered hypotheses drawn from sexual selection theory, and from more recent approaches which consider the impacts of economic development and cultural ‘modernisation’ on mate preferences.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants verbally reported demographic data, and indicated preferences for five male and five female pairs of faces manipulated to differ in sexually dimorphic facial structure based on a sample of Salvadoran individuals.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>While urban participants showed a preference for more feminine female faces, this preference was not evident in the rural participants. Neither urban nor rural participants showed any directional preference for masculinised/feminised male faces. Furthermore, there was no support for any other pre-registered hypothesis.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results are consistent with previous studies showing no interest in facial dimorphism in less globally-acculturated, or market integrated, populations. Together, this suggests that while facial dimorphism may be subject to systematically varying preferences amongst some low-fertility, industrialised populations, it is not a feature which is likely to have been important in ancestral populations. We call for further work attempting to replicate well known mate choice phenomena in more diverse samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 3","pages":"220 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-021-00173-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46076062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Perceived Facial Attractiveness, Fluctuating Asymmetry, and Minor Ailments Predict Mental Health Outcomes","authors":"Javier I. Borráz-León,&nbsp;Markus J. Rantala,&nbsp;Severi Luoto,&nbsp;Indrikis A. Krams,&nbsp;Jorge Contreras-Garduño,&nbsp;Tatjana Krama,&nbsp;Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00172-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00172-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Phenotypic markers associated with developmental stability such as fluctuating asymmetry, facial attractiveness, and reports of minor ailments can also act as indicators of overall physical health. However, few studies have assessed whether these markers might also be cues of mental health. We tested whether self- and other-perceived facial attractiveness, fluctuating asymmetry, and minor ailments are associated with psychopathological symptoms in a mixed sample of 358 college students, controlling for the effects of body mass index, age, and sex.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We applied the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaire to assess psychopathological symptoms, a battery of questionnaires about self-perceptions of facial attractiveness, and gathered information about the number of previous minor ailments as well as demographic data. Other-perceived attractiveness was assessed by an independent mixed sample of 109 subjects. Subjects’ facial fluctuating asymmetry was determined by geometric morphometrics.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results revealed that in both men and women, higher self-perceived attractiveness and fewer minor ailments predicted lower scores of Somatization, Obsessive–Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism, and a General Psychopathology Index. Higher facial fluctuating asymmetry was associated with higher Interpersonal Sensitivity, but did not contribute to its prediction when controlling for the other studied variables.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The observed strong associations between self-perceived attractiveness, minor ailments, and psychopathology indicate common developmental pathways between physiological and psychological symptomatology which may reflect broader life history (co)variation between genetics, developmental environment, and psychophysiological functioning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 4","pages":"363 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-021-00172-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44526751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do 3D Face Images Capture Cues of Strength, Weight, and Height Better than 2D Face Images do?","authors":"Iris J Holzleitner,&nbsp;Alex L Jones,&nbsp;Kieran J O’Shea,&nbsp;Rachel Cassar,&nbsp;Vanessa Fasolt,&nbsp;Victor Shiramizu,&nbsp;Benedict C Jones,&nbsp;Lisa M DeBruine","doi":"10.1007/s40750-021-00170-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-021-00170-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>A large literature exists investigating the extent to which physical characteristics (e.g., strength, weight, and height) can be accurately assessed from face images. While most of these studies have employed two-dimensional (2D) face images as stimuli, some recent studies have used three-dimensional (3D) face images because they may contain cues not visible in 2D face images. As equipment required for 3D face images is considerably more expensive than that required for 2D face images, we here investigated how perceptual ratings of physical characteristics from 2D and 3D face images compare.\u0000</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We tested whether 3D face images capture cues of strength, weight, and height better than 2D face images do by directly comparing the accuracy of strength, weight, and height ratings of 182 2D and 3D face images taken simultaneously. Strength, height and weight were rated by 66, 59 and 52 raters respectively, who viewed both 2D and 3D images.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In line with previous studies, we found that weight and height can be judged somewhat accurately from faces; contrary to previous research, we found that people were relatively inaccurate at assessing strength. We found no evidence that physical characteristics could be judged more accurately from 3D than 2D images.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results suggest physical characteristics are perceived with similar accuracy from 2D and 3D face images. They also suggest that the substantial costs associated with collecting 3D face scans may not be justified for research on the accuracy of facial judgments of physical characteristics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"7 3","pages":"209 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40750-021-00170-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39368876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}