Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Perceptions of Beardedness for Attractiveness, Masculinity, Fighting Ability, and Partner Quality: A cross-cultural Examination Among Hispanic and Iranian Women","authors":"Ray Garza,&nbsp;Reza Afhami,&nbsp;Jose Mora,&nbsp;Farid Pazhoohi","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00225-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00225-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Men’s beardedness is a sexually dimorphic trait that has played a role in both inter- and intra-sexual selection. It has been suggested that women may prefer bearded men because it may be a cue to men’s underlying physiology and immune function. Beardedness has also been implicated in perceptions of men’s aggressiveness and dominance. In the current research, we explored preferences for men’s beardedness among Iranian and Hispanic women and whether those preferences were moderated by trait pathogen proneness. In Study 1, Hispanic women were recruited and asked to choose the beard profile, from clean-shaven to very long, on a variety of traits (i.e., attractiveness, masculinity, fighting ability, reliable partner, and suitable father). Women more frequently chose light and moderate-length beard types across all outcome measures, and their self-reported levels of disgust was associated with higher preferences for clean-shaven profiles. In Study 2, Hispanic and Iranian women were recruited and asked to rate the beard profiles across the measures. Compared to Iranian women, Hispanic women demonstrated a stronger preference for bearded men. Further, there were cultural differences in self-reported measures of disgust and their preferences for beards in men. The findings from the current study highlight the unique preferences across populations for bearded profiles in men, and they suggest that they may be associated with pathogen trait levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 4","pages":"325 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134796743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affective Responses to Natural and Technological Disasters; An Evolutionary Perspective","authors":"Soheil Shapouri,&nbsp;Leonard L. Martin,&nbsp;Omid Arhami","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00224-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00224-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives and Method</h3><p>Anecdotal reports indicate more severe psychological distress following technological catastrophes in comparison to natural disasters. Previous research also suggests a more negative evaluation of the outcomes of disasters if they are manmade. On the other hand, evolutionary neuroscience shows differential neural processing of ancient and modern threats. Building upon this literature, we probed valence and arousal ratings of stimuli depicting natural and technological disasters in several standardized affective stimuli datasets used in neuroscience and psychological research.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Our results show that while technological disasters are rated as slightly less arousing than natural disasters they are rated as significantly more unpleasant.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It seems the evolutionary age of disasters is one of the factors that affect emotional experiences evoked by these threats and can impact our evaluations of catastrophes. We discuss how evolutionary psychology might explain our findings and help us to better understand the biological and learned roots of our biases in risk perception.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 3","pages":"308 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary Investigation Into Individual Differences that Predict Men’s Preferences for Cues to Fertility in Women’s Faces","authors":"Lisa L. M. Welling,&nbsp;Alex Orille","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00223-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00223-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Women have evolved to conceal overt signs of ovulatory status. Evidence shows that men find high fertility women to be more attractive than low fertility women, suggesting that men may be sensitive to subtle cues to fertility. However, studies have yet to explain the variance in men’s sensitivity to such cues. The present study aimed to identify psychological variables that predict men’s preferences for ovulatory cues in women’s faces in an attempt to provide support for or against three hypotheses for concealed ovulation: The Paternal Investment Hypothesis, The Reduced Infanticide Hypothesis, and the Cuckoldry Hypothesis. We also tested whether men with lower sociosexual orientation show a higher preference for cues to ovulation than men with a higher sociosexual orientation.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Heterosexual men (<i>N</i> = 182) completed a survey that assessed levels of various mating market traits, which were used to predict scores on a face preference task comprised of fertile-phase and non-fertile-phase images of the same women.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Although men did prefer the faces of women near ovulation more than when they were photographed at other times of the menstrual cycle, the three main hypotheses tested were not supported. However, sociosexuality did negatively predict preference for the high-fertility faces among single participants.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings suggest that single men who are lower in sociosexuality may benefit from discriminating between fertile and non-fertile women. Future research directions regarding different ovulatory cue stimuli and mechanisms of cue detection are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 3","pages":"284 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46441287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Competing Hypotheses in Incel Research","authors":"Miriam Lindner","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00222-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00222-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In my response to Costello and Buss’ “Why Isn’t There More Incel Violence”, I address our disagreement over whether the incel movement engages in simulated coalitional bargaining and present an alternative hypothesis regarding suicidal ideation among incels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 3","pages":"260 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45097942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retirement and Epigenetic age Acceleration Among Older U.S. Adults","authors":"Aniruddha Das","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00221-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00221-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study examined associations of older men’s and women’s retired status with their biological age acceleration, and mediation of these linkages by depressive symptoms.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data were from the 2010–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, nationally representative of older U.S. adults. Age acceleration was proxied through newly available epigenetic measures. Doubly robust estimation was used to establish baseline linkages, and heterogenous treatment effect models to examine variations in effects by one’s increasing propensity to be retired. Mediation analysis was through a recently developed regression-with-residuals (RWR) approach for structural nested mean models.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Six years after treatment assessment, women retired at baseline showed faster aging than those fully employed. Retired men’s subsequent depressive symptoms were lower, with sparse results also supporting their slower senescence. Associations did not significantly change with increasing propensity for being retired, for either gender.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Results provide novel evidence for retirement’s gender-specific senescence effects. Potential lifestyle mechanisms remain unexplored. Individual and policy implications are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 3","pages":"264 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-023-00221-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42515345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why isn’t There More Incel Violence?","authors":"William Costello,&nbsp;David M. Buss","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00220-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00220-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Incels (involuntary celibates) are an online subculture community of men who form an identity around their perceived inability to form sexual or romantic relationships. They attribute their lack of success to genetic factors, evolved mate preferences, and social inequities. While we have a deep ancestral history of incels, the modern incel community is an evolutionarily novel group that fosters a shared victimhood identity. We applaud Lindner for an important contribution to the scant literature on incels and highlight the importance of her evolutionary psychological lens in understanding their grievances. Our critique of Lindner’s work addresses two key issues. Firstly, we challenge the hypothesis that incels engage in simulated coalitional bargaining for sexual access. While coalitional bargaining for sexual access may have played a role in ancestral populations of involuntarily celibate men, this is not a suitable analysis of modern incels. Instead, the incel community operates as a fatalistic echo-chamber, where failure is celebrated, and individuals discourage each other from pursuing romantic success. Secondly, we critique the association between incels and violence. Contrary to common beliefs, empirical evidence suggests that incels are not particularly prone to violence. Incels’ propensity for violence appears relatively low compared to that of the general population. We conclude by offering one hypothesis as to why modern day incels are not as violent as we might expect. The Male Sedation Hypothesis, that online virtual worlds, such as pornography, may pacify the potential for violence among sexless young men, providing a counterfeit sense of sexual fulfillment and reducing motivation for real-life mate competition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 3","pages":"252 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41841861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sense in Senseless Violence: Male Reproductive Strategy and the Modern Sexual Marketplace as Contributors to Violent Extremism","authors":"Miriam Lindner","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00219-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00219-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Mass shooters, violent extremists, and terrorists, who are overwhelmingly male, exhibit misogynistic attitudes and a history of violence against women. Over the past few years, <i>incels</i> (“involuntary celibates”) have gathered in online communities to discuss their frustration with sexual/romantic rejection, espouse male supremacist attitudes, and justify violence against women and men who are more popular with women. Despite the link between misogyny and mass violence, and the recent emergence of online misogynistic extremism, theories and empirical research on misogynistic extremism remain scarce. This article fills this gap.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>An integration of literatures pertaining to the basics of sexual selection, evolved male psychology, and aggression suggests there are three major areas that should be considered imperative in understanding the emergence of misogynistic extremism.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Individual factors (e.g., low status) and social forces, such as a high degree of status inequality, female empowerment, and the ease of coordination through social media, give rise to misogynistic extremism.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The unique interaction between evolved male psychology, the dynamics of the sexual marketplace, and modern technologies can create an ecology in which incel beliefs can thrive and make violence attractive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 3","pages":"217 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44796340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Small, Exploratory Analysis of Fingernail Cortisol, Psychosocial Well-Being, and Social Support Among Undergraduate Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Emily Y. Chen,&nbsp;Carolyn R. Homolka,&nbsp;Jerrold S. Meyer,&nbsp;Lee T. Gettler","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00218-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00218-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>College students adjusted to a unique learning environment under the pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic. Living on campus and participating in “hybrid” instruction demands, individuals experienced contexts that were often socially and psychologically demanding, with potential physiological implications. In this exploratory analysis, we tested for correlations between perceived psychosocial stress and potential stress-buffering processes with fingernail cortisol, a relatively new method for measuring cumulative cortisol production in prior months. We specifically drew on data collected from a small sample of university undergraduates living on campus during a pandemic-affected semester.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted this study in the Spring of 2021 with University of Notre Dame undergraduate students (age 18–21 years, <i>n</i> = 41). We collected data on participants’ cortisol in the 3–5 months prior through sampling of fingernails. We also collected demographic, disposition, and psychosocial data, including participants’ perceived psychosocial stress, social support, sense of school membership, and satisfaction with the university’s COVID-19 response.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We found non-significant positive associations for nail cortisol with recent perceived stress and neuroticism. Students had (non-significantly) lower nail cortisol if they reported greater social support or higher self-compassion. Finally, participants who were more satisfied with the university’s COVID-19 program had significantly lower nail cortisol. The 95% confidence intervals for these findings were wide and generally included zero, indicating imprecision in our data.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In this exploratory study, we found associations between participants’ fingernail cortisol that align in the predicted directions for using nail cortisol as a stress-related biomarker. The effect sizes for our results are small but are generally comparable to those for chronic stress and cortisol measured through other methods. Given the wide confidence intervals for our results, the findings should be considered preliminary. They may highlight the potential of investigating the role of fingernail cortisol as an indicator of chronic stress activation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 2","pages":"198 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45432968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial Attractiveness, but not Facial Masculinity, is Used as a Cue to Paternal Involvement in Fathers","authors":"Ronja I. Bartlome,&nbsp;Anthony J. Lee","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00217-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00217-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Facial femininity in men is purportedly used as a cue by women as a signal of paternal involvement. However, evidence for this claim is questionable. Previous findings have shown that paternal involvement is linked to testosterone, but have not investigated facial masculinity directly, while other studies have found that facial masculinity is negatively associated with perceptions of paternal involvement but do not assess the accuracy of this judgement. Here, we assess whether facial masculinity in men is used as a cue to paternal involvement, and whether this cue is accurate.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We collected facial photographs of 259 men (156 of which were fathers) who also completed self-report measures of paternal involvement. Facial images were then rated by a separate group of raters on facial masculinity, attractiveness, and perceived paternal involvement. Shape sexual dimorphism was also calculated from the images using geometric morphometrics.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We found that facial masculinity was not associated with perceptions of paternal involvement, nor was it related with self-reported paternal involvement. Interestingly, facial attractiveness was negatively associated with perceptions of paternal involvement, and we found partial evidence that facial attractiveness was also negatively associated with self-reported paternal involvement.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings challenge the hypothesis that sexual dimorphism is used as a cue to paternal involvement, and perhaps indicate that facial attractiveness is more important for this judgement instead.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 2","pages":"182 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-023-00217-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10091875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Interacting Effects of Men’s Height and Shoulder-to-Hip Ratio on Comfort Distance: A Virtual Reality Study","authors":"Farid Pazhoohi,&nbsp;Sumaiya Binte Hassan,&nbsp;Alan Kingstone","doi":"10.1007/s40750-023-00216-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-023-00216-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>Previous studies have shown that body size and height affect one’s perceived optimal distance during social interactions. This current study is built up on the previous research that found a relationship between men’s height and comfort distance but failed to find any effect of men’s shoulder-hip ratio (SHR) on one’s comfort distance. The current study investigated the combined effect of SHR and height to eliminate methodological issues that prevented from establishing an effect of SHR in the previous study.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this study, a total of 49 participants (both men and women) reported their comfort distance in relation to 63 male avatars that differed in height from 150 to 190 cm (9 values) and in SHR from 1 to 1.3 ratio (7 values).</p><h3>Results and Conclusion</h3><p>The result of this study showed that both genders had an increment of their comfort distance as the height of the avatar increased. The effect of SHR on comfort distance was only evident with extreme SHR measurements; demonstrating that height is a better indicator of establishing comfort distance during interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"9 2","pages":"172 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43234421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}