可持续生物质能源系统(英文)最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Variation in Co-Digestion Ratios of Matooke, Cassava and Sweet Potato Peels on Hydraulic Retention Time, Methane Yield and Its Kinetics","authors":"Peter Tumutegyereize, C. Ketlogetswe, J. Gandure, N. Banadda","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.64009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.64009","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of batch anaerobic co-digestion of matooke, cassava, and sweet potato peels and vines. These agricultural wastes and others form the biggest portion of household wastes in developing countries. However, they have remained an unexploited resource amidst the ever increasing needs of clean energy and waste disposal challenges. Efforts to use them individually as biogas substrates have been associated with process acidification failure resulting from their fast hydrolysis. The aim of this work was to exploit agricultural wastes is co-digestion among themselves and assess their effect on methane yield and its kinetics, pH and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Sixteen ratios of Matooke peels (MP), cassava peels (CP) and sweet potato peels (SP) were assessed in duplicate. Methane yield and its kinetics, pH and HRT demonstrated dependence on the proportion of substrates in the mixture. Depending on the ratio mixture, HRT increased to 15 days compared to less than 5 days for single substrates, hydrolysis rate constant (k) reduced to a range of 0.1 - 0.3 d-1 compared to single substrates whose k-values were above 0.5 d-1, pH was maintained in the range of 6.38 - 6.43 and CH4 yield increased by 15% - 200%. Ratios 2:1:0, 2:0:1, 0:1:2, 1:1:1 and 1:1:4 were consistent all through in terms of model fitting, having a positive synergetic effect on HRT, hydrolysis rate constant, lag phase and methane yield. However, more research is needed in maintaining the pH near the neutral for process stability assurance if household wastes are to be used as standalone substrates for biogas production without being co-substrates with livestock manure.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"06 1","pages":"93-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Testing of a Solar Torrefaction Unit to Produce Charcoal","authors":"R. Swaminathan, Frans Nelongo Pandeni Nandjembo","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.63007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.63007","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing crude oil prices, fuels like kerosene and cooking gas have become unaffordable \u0000for many ordinary people in developing countries. For millions of Africans who need heat energy \u0000to cook their food, biomass like wood remains the easiest and cheapest source of fuel. Charcoal \u0000remains the most popular choice compared to wood since it can cook food much faster with very \u0000little smoke. Torrefaction of biomass is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between \u0000200℃ and 300℃ to produce charcoal. Torrefaction changes biomass properties to provide a much \u0000better fuel quality for combustion applications. A simple parabolic trough solar collector to produce \u0000charcoal by torrefaction process using solar energy has been designed from first principles. \u0000The device was fabricated and various locally available wood species were tested. The yield was \u0000found to be 21% to 35% with a production time of 90 minutes. The paper details the design procedure \u0000and the test results.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"06 1","pages":"66-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on 1st and 2nd Generation Bioethanol Production-Recent Progress","authors":"R. Muktham, S. Bhargava, Satyavathi Bankupalli, A. Ball","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.63008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.63008","url":null,"abstract":"Today’s society is based on the use of fossil resources for transportation fuels. The result of unlimited consumption of fossil fuels is a severe depletion of the natural reserves and damage to the environment. Depleting fossil reserves and increasing demand for energy together with environmental concerns have motivated researchers towards the development of alternative fuels which are eco-friendly, renewable and economical. Bioethanol is one such dominant global renewable transport biofuel which can readily substitute fossil fuels. Conventionally, bioethanol has been produced from sucrose and starch rich feedstocks (edible agricultural crops and products) known as 1st generation bioethanol; however this substrate conflicts with food and feed production. As an alternative to 1st generation bioethanol, currently there is much focus on advancing a cellulosic bioethanol concept that utilizes lignocellulosic residues from agricultural crops and residues (such as bagasse, straw, stover, stems, leaves and deoiled seed residues). Efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bioethanol remains an area of active research in terms of pretreatment of the biomass to fractionate its constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), breakdown of cellulose and hemicellulose into hexose and pentose sugars and co-fermentation of the sugars to ethanol. The present review discusses research progress in bioethanol production from sucrose, starch and cellulosic feedstocks. Development of efficient technology to convert lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars and optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis using on-site/ in-house enzyme preparation are the key areas of development in lignocellulosic bioethanol production. Moreover, finding efficient fermenting microorganisms which can utilize pentose and hexose sugars in their metabolism to produce ethanol together with minimum foam and glycerol formation is also an important parameter in fermentation. Research has been focusing on the application of genetically modified strains, thermoanaerobes and mixed cultures of different strains in bioethanol production from sucrose, starch and lignocellulosic feedstocks.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"06 1","pages":"72-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Lab-Scale Preparation of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using Modified Calcium Oxide as Catalyst","authors":"U. Krishnakumar, V. Sivasubramanian","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.63006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.63006","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical analysis of product yield for biodiesel preparation by transesterification process was \u0000performed using the Minitab software. A standard RSM Design tool known as CCD was applied to \u0000study the transesterification reaction variables. The obtained parameters were verified experimentally \u0000for the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil using solid metal oxide catalyst. \u0000The factors affecting the methyl ester yield during transesterification reaction were identified as \u0000the catalyst content, molar ratio of oil to alcohol and reaction time. High methyl ester yield and \u0000fast reaction rate could be obtained even if reaction temperature was relatively low, which is quite \u0000favorable to the industrial production of biodiesel from the rubber seed oil. 98.54% of methyl ester \u0000was formed from the transesterification of RSO with methanol. R-squared is a statistical measure \u0000of how close the data are to the fitted regression line. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, \u0000or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression. In this study, an \u0000R2 value of 0.98 is obtained.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"06 1","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of the Calorific Values of the Branches and Stems of 11 Tropical Trees","authors":"Jude I. Duruaku, V. Ajiwe, N. H. Okoye, R. Arinze","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.62005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.62005","url":null,"abstract":"This work investigated and quantified the calorific values of the main branches and trunks of eleven \u0000(11) tropical trees in correlation with their chemical composition in order to assess their suitability \u0000for use as credible sources of wood fuel. The determination of the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, \u0000oxygen and sulphur (CHNOS) content of the samples was done using an organic elemental \u0000analyser, while an oxygen bomb calorimeter was used to experimentally determine their corresponding \u0000gross heat values. The experimental gross heat values for the branches examined ranged \u0000from 18,703.37 kJ/kg in Lophira lanceolata to 21,350.35 kJ/kg in Afzelia africana while that of the \u0000trunks ranged from 19,747.74 kJ/kg in Tectonia grandis to 22,408.68 kJ/kg in Prosopis africana. These values were within and about the expected ranges observed for tropical trees and may be \u0000considered adequate for wood fuel. The general trend in both branches and trunks was that the \u0000higher the carbon content, the higher the gross heat value of sample. The absence of sulphur in \u0000almost all the samples except, Prosopis africana, (0.055%) was indicative of the fact that the negative \u0000environmental impact with respect to harmful emissions of oxides of sulphur is practically \u0000non-existent with respect to these species. In the light of the aforementioned variables, the main \u0000branches of Afzelia africana (21,350.35 kJ/kg), Nauclea diderrichii (21,157.30 kJ/kg) and Tectonia \u0000grandis (20,257.13 kJ/kg) could be used as credible sources of firewood and charcoal production. \u0000With respect to the trunks, the timbers in order of preference would ideally be Prosopis africana \u0000(22,408.68 kJ/kg), Nauclea diderichii (21,436.42 kJ/kg) and Brachstigia eurychoma (20,924.7 \u0000kJ/kg).","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"06 1","pages":"44-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Transesterification of Wet Marine and Fresh Water Microalgae for Biodiesel Production and Its Effect on the Algal Residue","authors":"K. A. Salam, S. Velasquez-Orta, A. Harvey","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.62003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.62003","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports a high yielding technique of synthesizing zirconium dodecyl sulphate (“ZDS”) \u0000for in situ transesterification of Nannochloropsis occulata and Chlorella vulgaris for fatty acid methyl \u0000ester (FAME) production. ZDS produced a significantly higher FAME yield in N. occulata than \u0000in C. vulgaris (p = 0.008). The varying performance of ZDS in the two species could be due to their \u0000different cell wall chemistries. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in H2SO4 for FAME enhancement \u0000from the two species was also studied. Treatment with SDS in H2SO4 increased the FAME production \u0000rate in both species. Residual protein content after the in situ transesterification in C. vulgaris \u0000and N. occulata reduced respectively by 6.5% and 10%. The carbohydrate content was reduced by \u000071% in C. vulgaris and 65% in N. occulata. The water tolerance of the process when using H2SO4, \u0000with or without SDS, was evaluated by hydrating the two species with 10% - 30% distilled water \u0000(w/w dry algae). The FAME concentration began to diminish only at 30% water content in both \u0000species. Furthermore, the presence of a small amount of water in the biomass or methanol increased \u0000the lipid extraction efficiency, improving the FAME yield, rather than inhibiting the reaction.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combustion Characteristics of Tree Woods","authors":"S. Chakradhari, K. S. Patel","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.62004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.62004","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass is a renewable energy source because sun energy is stored in the form of biomass which regrows over a relatively short period as compared to fossil fuel. The biomass on burning released energy with emission of carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matters and ash residue. The combustion characteristics of biomass depends on several factors of plants i.e. bulk density, moisture, organic matter and metal content. In this work, the combustion characteristics i.e. heat value, moisture, volatile matter and ash content as well as emission fluxes of particulate matters (PM10) of trees grown in central India are described. The calorific value (CV) of 53 trees was ranged from 5190 - 8130 kcal/kg with mean value (p = 0.05) of 6380 ± 170 kcal/kg. Bahera tree showed the highest CV, 8130 kcal/kg, and hence, it was chosen for the detailed studies.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"06 1","pages":"31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sizes of Anode and Cathode Affect Electricity Generation in Rice Paddy-Field Microbial Fuel Cells","authors":"N. Ueoka, Naoko Sese, M. Sue, A. Kouzuma, Kazuya Watanabe","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.61002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.61002","url":null,"abstract":"Rice paddy-field microbial fuel cells (RPF-MFCs) are devices that exploit rhizosphere bacteria to \u0000generate electricity from soil organic matter, including those excreted from roots. Previous studies \u0000have examined factors affecting electric outputs from RPF-MFCs and demonstrated that RPFMFC \u0000was able to generate electricity up to 80 mW·m-2 (based on the projected area of anode). The \u0000present study operated RPF-MFCs with different sizes of anodes and cathodes and examined how \u0000electrode sizes affected electricity generation. We show that anodes are the limiting factor for \u0000electricity generation immediately after commencing the operation, while cathodes become the \u0000limiting factor after anode performances are sufficiently increased. RPF-MFC achieved the maximum \u0000power density of 140 mW·m-2 (based on the projected area of anode), when the cathode is \u0000sufficiently larger than the anode. Results suggest that the cathode needs to be improved for eliciting \u0000the maximum capacity of rhizosphere bacteria for electricity generation in RPF-MFC.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Heating Temperature and Moisture on Indirect Gasification of Rubber Wood in Closed Gasifier Chamber","authors":"H. Homma, Naoya Nishida, A. Furuta","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2016.61001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2016.61001","url":null,"abstract":"Rural area in Indonesia of which electrification ratio is still low has a strong demand for off-grid electric power supply. On the other hand, Indonesia is a leading natural rubber production country and these rubber wood trees are cultivated in vast plantation farms. A rubber wood tree is woody biomass resource which can be stably supplied because a lot of trees aged more than 25 years are logged and nursery trees are planted constantly. Woody biomass is burned directly as solid fuel and the generated thermal energy can be applied only for room heating or cooking. Otherwise, direct conversion of biomass to electric energy requires a large scale equipment such as a boiler and a steam turbine, whereas gasified woody biomass can be easily handled and can have wide application. A closed gasifier chamber which was kept vacuum and fulfilled with gas yield during gasification was recently developed by the authors for indirect gasification. It was confirmed that generated gas by the gasifier is clean and can be directly used to drive an engine generator to supply electricity. In this study, planer dust of rubber wood is used as gasification feedstock for indirect gasifying in the closed gasifier chamber, and effects of heating temperature and moisture content on gasification performance are discussed to examine characteristics of the closed gasifier chamber in details.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"81 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Sowing Time on the Growth, Development and Productivity of Sweet Sorghum","authors":"H. T. Thao, T. V. Dien, T. Xuan","doi":"10.4236/JSBS.2015.54012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JSBS.2015.54012","url":null,"abstract":"The experiments were conducted to determine suitable sowing time in order to achieve high plant biomass and sugar content of sweet sorghum for bioethanol manufacture. The results showed that germination rate reached > 80% in all trial times (p > 0.05). The growth and development speed of sweet sorghum reduced when seeds were sowed in August and was significantly different from other sowing times (p < 0.05). Sowing from March to June obtained the highest plant height during all growth and development stages. Lodging and diseases observed in all periods of sowing, and planting began in July and August had lower percentage. In contrast, the productivity of fresh weight (1310.4 g/whole plant), sugar content (14.9% Brix), biomass yield (122.4 tons/ha) and theoretical converted ethanol yield (5 tons/ha) were the highest when sweet sorghum planted from March to June. It was observed that sowing sweet sorghum in four periods of month from March to June had the desirable biomass for bioethanol production.","PeriodicalId":71705,"journal":{"name":"可持续生物质能源系统(英文)","volume":"05 1","pages":"127-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70426121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}